Managing Value Change Value Change in Bank Sector

Question: Portray about the Managing Value Change for Value Change in Bank Sector. Answer: Presentation The point of the undertaking is to deal with the worth change in the financial area of Australia. The organization that is picked so as to do the venture are CommonHealth Bank, Westpac and National Australia Bank of the financial division in Australia. The interest chain examination, offer, gracefully chain investigation, and the endeavor estimation of the picked organizations are assessed to dissect the worth chain and their upper hand. The worth chain investigation assists with understanding the situation of the organizations working in the financial business as for one another. Foundation of the organizations The CommonHealth bank is a worldwide bank that works in New Zealand, USA, UK, Fiji and Asia. The legislature of Australia established the bank in 1911, which has its headquartered in Sydney. The bank wins income of A$24.578 billion according to the yearly report of 2016 (Commbank.com.au. 2016). The other organization talked about in the examination is Westpac, which is additionally called Westpac Banking Corporation. The bank has its headquarter situated in Westpac place in Sydney. The bank was established in 1982 through a converging of two old banks specifically Commercial Bank of Australia and Bank of New South Wales. The organization in 2002 after which the organization converged with St, Georges, obtained BT budgetary gathering. So as to accomplish the single perspective on data for its clients, the organization presented Oracle Database machine and Exalogic Elastic Cloud (Westpac.com.au. 2016). The National Australia Bank (NAB) is another biggest bank in the country regarding serving the quantity of clients and market capitalization. There are in excess of 1590 parts of the bank and over 12.7 million clients (Nab.com.au. 2016). Request chain examination Province offers a wide scope of items to its clients, for example, the advances for home, charge cards, exchange and individual advances. The organization likewise supplies an enormous scope of items, for example, business credits, hardware, and different agribusiness items. Clients are permitted to either contribute legitimately or picked different methods of venture (Milberg and Winkler 2013). The organization targets expanding the monetary education with the assistance of the online gatherings. Then again, Westpac considered maintainable system in the interest chain of the business. While improving the monetary state of the organization by upgrading the proficiency, Westpac experiences money related hazard. Improving the monetary position shows improving the capital, procedure of subsidizing, and the liquidity position of the organization (Cattaneo 2013). People can complete undertakings with the assistance o the rules gave by the organization through follow-up process. Capture will in general offer its clients new items and administrations. The organization guarantees that the interest of the clients is met by viable conveyance of the items. The organization actualizes top notch innovation to establish that the flexibly made by the organization coordinates the interest of the clients (Healy and Palepu 2012). It is significant for NAB to guarantee that the innovation utilized is productive and improving to help future maintainability. Incentive of the organization CBA has different market openings much subsequent to growing its business universally. The organization has a chance to extend over the enormous regions of Asia other than relying upon the little territories in Australia. The utilization of creative advancements will assist the organization with enhancing the estimation of banking and protection administrations (Monczka 2015). The organization permits online administrations to the clients that help the organization to make offer. Clients can complete financial exercises without confronting the difficulty of long line. Also, Westpac has the chance of extending its business everywhere throughout the world. There is a need to expanding the quantity of administrations offered by the organization. So as to lessen the reliance available, the working business sector should be expanded by opening more branches over the globe (Hollensen 2015). Westpac permits added advantages to the ladies and the understudies of the country. The understudies can accomplish credits at a less financing cost. These additional advantages offered by the organization draw in more clients towards the organization. Catch then again gives great FICO score to its clients. The organization has particular specialists who are anxious to help and guide the clients to pick the right plan for themselves. There are wide scope of speculation administrations offered to the clients from which the suitable plan can be chosen. These choices gave to the clients make offer for NAB. Gracefully chain investigation So as to manage the way toward conveying items and administrations to the last clients, Commonwealth bank utilizes a methodology that is viable in centering the zones of budgetary practices, clients, network and natural stewardship (Fearne 2012). The clients are in this manner made sure about with the cash. While leading abroad business, the organization limits the issue of changing over the monetary forms (Grant 2016). The flexibly procedure is examined appropriately to guarantee the high caliber of the items. The gracefully chain of Westpac guarantees that the business exercises with the providers are profoundly economical. The organization embraces systems that cause the current and the expected providers to comprehend the organization in a superior way (De Backer and Miroudot 2014). The organization evaluates the privilege of the providers persistently. Seize plans to keep up the estimation of the merchandise and enterprises offered to the clients. The objective of the organization is to build the supportability of the companys gracefully chain, which is acquired through gathering flexibly foundation. As the sellers have solid ecological and social execution, the organization assembles the business with the merchants (Becker 2015). Westpac stays away from late conveyance by occupying the providers of the organization (Morden 2016). The venture estimation of the organization The market estimation of the organizations is broke down utilizing the undertaking estimation of the individual organization. The venture estimation of the organization incorporates the obligation and the value (all out expense) of the organizations. The venture estimation of Commonwealth according to 2016 was A$223,256 million, and the estimation of Westpac is $194,765 million. Then again, CAB has a venture estimation of $183 million. End The worth chain examination causes the organizations to decide the exhibition position of their presentation. From the investigation, it tends to be induced that Commonwealth Bank of Australia appreciates a better level in the financial business. Westpac comes as the following driving bank in the segment while NAB falls under Westpac according to the worth chain examination. Upper hand of the three organizations: All the three banks of Australia appreciate the upper hand in the financial division. The enduring estimation of the administrations offered by Commonwealth Bank gives a near bit of leeway to the organization. A maintainable relationship is subsequently guaranteed between the clients and the Company. Westpac has high consumer loyalty, that gives the organization upper hand. Seize accomplishes the upper hand from the help of the clients of the organization. The bank charges less measure of record liberated from the clients. References Becker, J., Thome, I., Wei, B. what's more, Winkelmann, A., 2015. Building a semantic business process demonstrating language for the financial segment a transformative dyadic plan science approach.Enterprise Modeling and Information Systems Architectures,5(1), pp.4-25. Cattaneo, O., Gereffi, G., Miroudot, S. what's more, Taglioni, D., 2013. Joining, overhauling and being serious in worldwide worth chains: a vital framework.World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (6406). Commbank.com.au. (2016).Personal banking including accounts, Visas and home credits - CommBank. [online] Available at: https://www.commbank.com.au/[Accessed 12 Sep. 2016]. De Backer, K. what's more, Miroudot, S., 2014. Mapping worldwide worth chains. Fearne, A., Garcia Martinez, M. what's more, Dent, B., 2012. Measurements of practical worth chains: suggestions for esteem chain analysis.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(6), pp.575-581. Award, R.M., 2016.Contemporary system investigation: Text and cases version. John Wiley Sons. Healy, P.M. furthermore, Palepu, K.G., 2012.Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. Cengage Learning. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing administration: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Milberg, W. furthermore, Winkler, D., 2013.Outsourcing financial aspects: worldwide worth chains in entrepreneur improvement. Cambridge University Press. Monczka, R.M., Handfield, R.B., Giunipero, L.C. furthermore, Patterson, J.L., 2015.Purchasing and flexibly chain the board. Cengage Learning. Morden, T., 2016.Principles of vital administration. Routledge. Nab.com.au. (2016).Personal. [online] Available at: https://www.nab.com.au/[Accessed 12 Sep. 2016]. Westpac.com.au. (2016).Westpac - Personal, Business and Corporate Banking. [online] Available at: https://www.westpac.com.au/[Accessed 12 Sep. 2016].

Yellow wallpaper Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Yellow backdrop Persuasive Essay The storyteller in Charlotte Perkins Gilmans short story, The Yellow Wallpaper, is really crazy from the earliest starting point of the story; she just falls further and more profound into madness as the story advances. In the start of the story she recounts how her significant other judgments her craziness, a slight insane tendency,(633). Later in the story she concedes her own condition, I get absurdly irate with John sometimesI think it is because of this anxious condition.(634). John, her significant other, makes her stay in bed and rest through the story; this adds to her slow slide into complete madness. She starts to give indications of her schizophrenia. She sits in her room featuring at the dividers and starts to imagine individuals stuck behind the backdrop. She converses with them and plots to help discharge them. The front example does moveand no big surprise! The lady behind shakes it!(640). They traverse, and the example chokes them off and flips around them, and makes their eyes white!(640). This schizophrenia later changes into, a numerous character, as she accepts that she is the lady that is caught behind the paper. The entire time the backdrop moves since she is sneaking around the room in a rushed circle that she can't stop. There is an exceptionally entertaining imprint on this divider, down and out, close to the mopboard. A streak that goes around the room.(640). She made this streak by her ceaseless downer around the room, But here I can crawl easily on the floor, and my shoulder just fits in that long kiss around the divider, so I can't lose my way.(642).In the end she tells John, Ive got out finally, notwithstanding you and Jane. Also, Ive pulled off the vast majority of the paper so you cannot put me back.(643). At this John blacks out, yet she stays in the room proceeding to crawl, for she accepts that she is this lady that killjoys out among the trees, not far off, and wherever outside. Before the finish of the story she has floated into her own little world with just a finger left getting a handle on at the real world. Words/Pages : 370/24

The Pros and Cons of Pawn Shop Cash Advances

The Pros and Cons of Pawn Shop Cash Advances The Pros and Cons of Pawn Shop Cash Advances The Pros and Cons of Pawn Shop Cash AdvancesPawning your valuables for some quick cash is a safer bet than taking out a predatory payday loan, but youre still putting a lot at risk.Pawn shops are a common sight in pretty much every American town or city. But what do you actually know about pawn shops? Other than watching a couple episodes of Pawn Stars, do you know how pawn shops actually work? If you were in a financial bind, would you choose to turn to one for a quick  cash advance?If you don’t know the answers to those questions, you’ve come to the right page. We’ll lay out how pawn shops and their cash advance products work, and well also break down the pros and cons of a pawn shop loan compared to similar types of financial products. It won’t be as fun as Pawn Stars, but it’ll be a heck of a lot more informative.How do pawn shops work?It helps to think of a pawn shop the way you would any other lender. They lend you an amount of money that you then have to repay plus i nterest. The loans they issue are secured loans, which means they use a valuable piece of property as collateral.One of the big differences between a pawn shop and a regular lender is that you actually bring your collateral to them and they hold on to it until the loan is repaid. If you can’t pay them back, they simply put the item up for sale in their shop. With an auto or mortgage loan, you can maintain possession of the house or car that’s securing the loan. But with a pawn shop loan, that isn’t so.Another difference with pawn shop cash advance is that your collateral isn’t something massive like a car or a house, it’s something small, like a piece of jewelry or a TV or a vintage comic book. And while some small items can have a very high value, most of them are worth much less than a car or a house. As such, the amount you’ll borrow from a pawn shop is much smaller compared than the amount youll borrow with traditional personal loans.What are the terms for a pawn sho p cash advance?While the amount you can borrow from a pawnshop will depend on what item you use as collateral, it is common for the broker to only offer you a fraction of the items full value. According to the National Pawnbrokers Association, the average pawn shop loan is only $150.Pawn shop cash advances are designed to be short-term loans. And while the laws that govern pawn shops vary from state to state, the standard pawn shop loan term is around one month. That means you have one month to pay your loan back plus interest before the pawn shop can put your item up for sale.Those short terms can make it difficult for people to pay their cash advance back on time. Additionally, these loans aren’t designed to be paid off in series of payments like an installment loan. Instead, they are meant to be paid back all at once, similar to short-term payday loans. That lump-sum repayment can also make paying your loan back more difficult.And then there are the interest rates, which are mu ch higher than the rates for standard loans, despite the pawn shop brokers literally holding onto the borrower’s collateral in the event they don’t repay. While interest rates for pawn shop loans vary state to state, the experts at Nolo.com state that pawn shops often charge anywhere from 15 percent to 240 percent interest on their products, depending on state and local laws. Plus, many shops can add additional fees and charges on top of that.What are the pros of a pawn shop cash advance?When it comes to securing some quick cash for emergency expenses, pawn shop cash advances have a few real advantages over other small-dollar loans.No credit check, no credit worries. While there are many types of no credit check loans  out there that dont care about your credit scoreâ€"and even many bad credit loans that will still run a soft check on your creditâ€"all those loans could still harm your score if you don’t pay them back. Pawn shop cash advances, however, do not run that risk. If the loan isn’t paid back, the pawn shop won’t send you to a debt collector who then reports your account to the credit bureaus. Instead, they’ll just sell your collateral.Relatively lower interest rates. Even though pawn shop loans have very high interest rates, they are still much cheaper relative to payday and title loans, which can have APRs that average 300 percent or higher. If you have bad credit or no credit, this loan is a cheaper alternative to predatory payday lending.Get in, get cash, get out. Most no credit check lenders and cash advance shops will get you your money quickly, and pawn shops are no exception. And youll almost always get your money faster through a pawn shop than you will with an online loan. If you need to come up with a couple hundred dollars, and you only have a matter of hours, then heading on down to your local pawn shop is an easy way to get the cash you needâ€"assuming, of course, that you have an item valuable enough to secure the funds.Whil e pawn shop loans aren’t going to secure you a lot of money and could lead to you paying more than you originally borrowed in fees and interest, they are a pretty handy way to get cash in a hurryâ€"and don’t pose nearly as much of a financial threat as predatory payday loans.What are the cons of a pawn shop cash advance?Still, while pawn shop loans might have a leg up on other types of predatory loans, that doesn’t mean that they’re all sunshine and puppy dogs. They still pose a serious financial risk, and in many instances can be considered predatory loans themselves.Revving up the debt cycle. With short-term loans like these, there is a good chance that you won’t be able to pay the loan back on time. In cases like that, pawn shops will often let you extend your due date in return for additional fees or interest. This can lead to a predatory cycle of debt, wherein you’re constantly throwing more money at your cash advance loan without ever getting closer to paying off t he loan itself.Those interest rates are still super high. The point of securing a loan with collateral is that it makes lending that money less risky for the lender. If the borrower doesn’t pay them back, the collateral ensures it won’t be a total loss. And less risk for the lender usually translates to lower rates for the borrower. It’s a win-win. But a pawn shop cash advance isn’t like that. Despite the pawn shop risking very little in issuing the loan, many of them are still charging APRs between 15 and 240 percent. These are only a win-win if you’re the lender. They win either way.You can’t borrow that much. As we mentioned before, the amount you’ll be able to borrow with a pawn shop cash advance will depend on the value of the item that you’re pawning. But the fact remains that you’ll only receive a fraction of what that item’s really worth. With an average loan size of only $150, pawn shop cash advances don’t make for a great solution to emergency expense s. Given the cost of living these days, a couple hundred bucks won’t get you very far at all.You risk losing your stuff. While pawn shop loans don’t hold a candle to title loans, which put you at risk of using your car, you are still putting your valuables at risk when you pawn an item for some extra cash. If it’s something you don’t care about seeing again, then you don’t need to worry. But if it’s a valuable family heirloom or a pricey piece of electronics, then you run the real risk of never seeing it again, especially with how difficult these loans can be to repay.Pawn shop loans might be a safer option than a predatory payday loan, but they still come with plenty of downsides all their own. If you need quick cash to pay for an unexpected or emergency expenses, odds are that a pawn shop isn’t going to cut it.To learn more about borrowing money with bad credit, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:Payday Loan Rollover: How Short-Term Loans Turn I nto Long-Term DebtWant to Avoid No Credit Check Loans? Build an Emergency FundCan a Bad Credit Loan Help Raise Your Credit Score?Have you ever used a pawn shop? Did you have a good or a bad experience? We want to hear from you!  You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.

Kfcs Appreciation Of Communication Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2291 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? This essay attempts to investigate the KFC ©s appreciation of communication and how different forms pertain in different fields of corporate. In total eight fields are looked into: business demographics, organizational goals, organizational culture and ethics, management of knowledge resources, group dynamics, meeting management, stakeholders, and networks. Governance principles and charters were available to be looked at on the internet websites of KFC ©. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Kfcs Appreciation Of Communication Business Essay" essay for you Create order Results were quite straightforward. The corporate was aware of the importance of communication between every personnel involved in the business. The corporate tried very best to keep the satisfaction of each personnel as moderate as possible by reducing conflict and considering everyones thoughts. This way the relationship among the workers and customers and related companies would stay healthy. Introduction This report attempts to look at the importance of communication in the world of one of the biggest franchise restaurant that is located in global scale, KFC ©. KFC © is a fast food restaurant chain based in the United States. KFC © has been a brand and operating segment, termed a concept of Yum! Brands , Inc since 1997. The main aspects of business covered in this report are: business demographics, organizational goals, organizational culture and ethics, management of knowledge resources, group dynamics, meeting management, stakeholders, and networks. Communication is required both within and outside the corporate in order for the employers and the employees to get involved in as efficient and productive interaction and operation. Good communication enables accompany to locate and target its stakeholders and relate to them. I believe for a corporate to grow successfully, it must appreciate the vitality of communication training. There may be special pr ocedures to prevent arguments, reasons to or not to employ people with diverse background, and such. Business Demographics Business demography is one of the key factors affecting business success. This is because businesses necessitate the differentiation of their products, depending on different characteristics of the population. KFC needs to find its own business demographics to attract customers in many ways. One example of their business demographics usage is the location of its shops. KFC used the demographics of local population and families to locate their stores in the optimal place possible. In a region, the whole building is being run as KFC restaurant (E.g. Quay St, Auckland Central), while some KFC shops are located within the Westfield, or other bigger markets. (E.g. Edmonton Rd, Te Atatu, Auckland) It is likely that the prosperity of each shop has varied the population of the potential customers, and considering those demographics, the company would have resulted the number to decide its shop sizes. Meanwhile, as people request more of nutrition information and processing methods ab out the products, KFC followed the customers needs to communicate with these potential customers. Theyve used methods of: Website https://www.kfc.co.nz/index.cfm?contentNodeID=423 Leaflet within the newspapers Television advertisement Since demographics are the statistical analysis used to identify markets for their goods and services, such communication method was an attempt to adapt into the market regarding to the business demographics (increased number of people requiring more information about the product). Such communication process promotes KFC to attract more customers, as theyve made their products more reliable, and this can ultimately result into the business growth. Organizational Goals NZ based KFC ©s main goal is to create the tastiest and best-loved chicken in New Zealand ( ©Copy Right 2010 KFC). To share the business objectives with all the staffs and the managers of the chain restaurants within New Zealand, KFC © uses several kinds of methods to communicate with their employees. Training programme: Every single KFC staff, even a part-time worker, needs to go through the training programme for the first few weeks of their work. However, the company continues the training throughout the entire career with KFC, providing life skills, technical skills, management skills and leadership coaching. One main reason for such intense training programme of KFC is to strengthen their sense of ownership, which includes holding firm on their business goals ( ©Copy Right 2010 KFC). Employees who went through these training programme will therefore concentrate on creating the tastiest and best-loved chicken (e.g. managers instruct staffs to use better-quality oil, part-time workers pay extra attention in food hygiene). Organizational culture and ethics Nowadays, the world is very much globalized that organizations inevitably encompass people from different culture and ethnic groups. It is the organizations role to have no barriers against individuals with different backgrounds. KFC New Zealand © requires all members of the organization to use English as their official language. To testify this, they have job interviews before they employ the workers. Such process is to allow fluent communication to occur not just amongst the organization members, but also between customers. Therefore official verbal communication is not a problem for KFC ©. Informal communication allows members of the organization to strengthen their social bond. Through private conversation, staffs can share common interests and sympathy other than their business conversation. Such behavior virtually improves the relationship amongst workers and increase productivity and efficiency in their production process. Cultural bonding (same culture) allows the members to take coordinated actions. However, there exists undesirable informal communication with members of different ethnic and cultural groups. Existing discrimination or isolation against minor ethic group is officially hard to identify. So members need to gain the ability to communicate with all members without discrimination. This can be done through training programme or national education. Management of knowledge resources Effective Knowledge management directly leads to the development of organizations. It deals with the real world execution including organizational adaptation, survival and competence against environmental changes. It focuses on doing the right things instead of doing things right. Ongoing training programme of KFC © mentioned above is a good example of the organizations effort to manage knowledge resources. Apart from the training programme, KFC © introduces its members regular performance reports to seek developmental potentials. Through this process, workers can be aware of their companys position in the market and will be motivated or instructed to find a solution for development. Senior members of the KFC © also take part in seminars and conferences for technical and strategic breakthrough. These activities allow them to manage their sub-groups more efficiently. Group Dynamics In an organization where teams of human resources are needed to achieve goals and provide innovative products and services, effective team communication is crucial; this is called group dynamics. It is also the ways each person functions to create in total a corporative atmosphere and achieve common goal. The KFC © has appreciated the concept of the importance of individuals thinking and meaning to produce collective team thinking and has quoted: For us, diversity is not a target its a way of life and a way of doing business. Everyone can and does make a difference in our organization (Yum! Brands, Inc.) The organization believes in the importance of actively seeking diversity (Yum! Brands, Inc.) in everyone, meaning that everyone has the potential to participate in solving problems, servicing customers and creating richer culture for the work environment. In a diverse group, of both culture and character, it is easy to have disagreements and conflicts that may need to b e managed rather than ignored. In reaction to such problem, the concept called norms can be put to action; norms are the expectations for behavior of all members working within the team (Renz and Greg, 2000) in other words ground rules for teams. Explicit norms will make it easier for members to commit to appropriate behavior and avoid unnecessary conflict. (ChaseP, 2003, ÃÆ' ­Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“ÃÆ' ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ´ÃƒÆ' ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬: 169) Table 1, below, shows some possible norms that could be considered by a team that values consensus decision making and wants its members to feel secure enough to express feelings and reveal thought. In other words, norms of high trust and openness to others ideas are vital for team learning, and ensure that the teams energy and intelligence are not wasted (ChaseP, 2003, ÃÆ' ­Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“ÃÆ' ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ´ÃƒÆ' ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬: 169). Table 1: Possible norms to encourage openness. A Start and finish on time. B Attend all meetings. C Maintain confidentiality. Note anything you regard as confidential to ensure that it is not discussed outside the meeting. D Make sure we understand what we will each do and bring to the next meeting. E See one another as equal, i.e. set seniority aside. F See differences as an asset. G Avoid blaming one person. H Learn from mistakes. (ChaseP, 2003, ÃÆ' ­Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“ÃÆ' ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ´ÃƒÆ' ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬: 388) Meeting management A meeting is the only place a group really exists and takes action as a group, not just as separate individuals (Schemerhorn, 1989) (ChaseP, 2003) There are number of advantages that meetings provide: An opportunity to share ideas and information and contribute ones thought before a decision is made. A human face for the organization. Interaction between members and solutions to problems can be offered productively. Opportunities to co-ordinate and co-operate. Increase individuals acceptance, build morale, commitment, and create a sense of belonging. For something that produces vast outcomes, board meetings are held only less than ten times annually; therefore, it is important to balance the structure of the meetings and manage interaction effectively and efficiently. The importance of correct orientation within the board meetings is appreciated by the KFC © and conducts responsibility: In preparation for meetings, Directors are advised to review t he materials that are sent to Directors in advance of those meetings. The Board believes it is critical for members to have materials on topics to be discussed sufficiently in advance of the meeting date and for Board members to be kept abreast of developments between Board meetings (Yum! Brandsinc., ÃÆ' ­Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“ÃÆ' ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ´ÃƒÆ' ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬: 6). This makes sure everyone understands the meetings purpose and ensures the meeting is both productive and satisfying. To make the meeting more productive, the committee may request any officer or employee of the Company or the Companys outside counsel or independent auditors to attend a meeting of the committee (ÃÆ' ­Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“ÃÆ' ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ´ÃƒÆ' ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬: 2). This encourages diversity among the meeting participants and sharing of free and useful ideas. The full Board should engage in discussions on strategic issues and ensure that there is sufficient time devoted to D irector interchange on these subjects (ÃÆ' ­Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“ÃÆ' ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ´ÃƒÆ' ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬: 7). Stakeholders Stakeholders for a corporate would include employees, employers, suppliers, customers, society, shareholders, etc. who can affect or be affected by the actions of the business. The interests for each stakeholder are different, and it is for the corporate to appropriately reach them. Like almost every other corporate in the world, KFC © uses internet website https://www.kfc.com/ to reach all its stakeholders at least for the initial phase, such as contact. For the customers, the comprehensive interests, such as the value, quality, customer care and ethical products (Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia), are guided in the KFC © homepage within the Nutrition link. Legible guides to nutrition, chicken food allergies and exchange list (a meal planning system developed by dietitians primarily for people with diabetes ( ©Copy Right 2010 KFC)) are targeted for customers. For suppliers, the Supplier Code of Conduct is on display in the Social Responsibility link. C ompliance with Laws and Regulations, Employment Practices, Audit and Inspections, and Application ( ©Copy Right 2010 KFC) are explained in detail. For the benefit of the society, Packaging and the Environment, and Animal Welfare Program are explained as well. In the details are shown: KFC ©s commitment to the environment as [they] are to [their] food and customers ( ©Copy Right 2010 KFC), and the humane treatment of animals ( ©Copy Right 2010 KFC) that involves a farm level audit program leading in the areas of poultry care and handling ( ©Copy Right 2010 KFC). Networks For the network between the corporate and the people outside the business, communication is open to be reached through the contact revealed in the Contact Us link. KFC © promotes its openness in inviting new employees for numerous positions, such as assistant managers, general manager, shift supervisor and team members, to join their family. Videos filmed by current employees that reflect on their life at KFC © are available for everyone to watch on their site, allowing second-hand experience prior to applying. Conclusion In a popular, global scale corporate like KFC ©, a community is formed with every individual who take part in the business, from customers to CEO. In such vast community, communication performs a very important role in allowing a fluent and efficient production of goods and services. A good communication is also required in order to exchange information between people with same interest and different culture. Because KFC © appreciates the need for cultural diversity in its corporate, their attention to communication among employees is underscored. Punctual meetings are needless to say and are met every time, as compulsory, with bold pre-notification. To make the meetings as productive as possible, many means are incorporated. The means to avoid conflict within the company required a special form of communication called norms. This allowed a civilized compromise to take place between people with different ideas, leading to even better result. Good means of communication within a corporate brings satisfaction to the customers needs and the business. Recommendations As KFC © sees, creating a mellifluous communication means is very important as it minimizes any confusion that may create conflict, and produces goods in efficient and productive way. Training programmes targeted for prospective employees can allow the corporate to educate the new-comers the ways of communications that are used within the business. Involving employees in various cultures by employing people with diverse cultural background will definitely help to lighten up the working environment and help to relate to customers with various ethnics. The use of internet website allows customers and interested people to reach and understand KFC ©. This means, as well as televisions and pamphlets, will be useful to inform the customers about the healthy facts of the food. The use of norms in previous pages should be adopted in order to minimize conflicts and bring about more sensible intra relationship.

The Code of Ethics of the Vikings Essay - 1005 Words

While researching the Vikings and what made them such fierce warriors, I learned that the cause of their behavior came from their code of ethics as well as their ideals and religion. The Vikings had a code of ethics that dictated how any respectable warrior especially those who wanted to be heroes among their people. This is proven in the book Vikings: Raiders From The North which states Self-respect, honor, and reputation were necessary above all, and these could not exist without a firm foundation of loyalty to family and comrades. Conventions ruled everything in life- conventions about hospitality and the giving of gifts, about keeping†¦show more content†¦One reason why they were so feared and had short life spans were the berserkers. They were known specially for ferocity in battle as Donovan put it, â€Å"They threw away their shields and cast off their shirts of mail and mowed down all before them with sword, axe, or club.† (38) With battle crazed men such as these it is no wonder why the Vikings were so greatl y feared and famed for being so ferocious. It has also been speculated that these berserkers would eat mushrooms that would drive them borderline insane and when they would get into their battle craze they were nearly impossible to control or reason with. In order to keep from harming their friends the berserkers would wrestle boulders and trees instead of their friends when their battle took hold of them. The Viking’s also had a very strong religion. A religion so strong in fact that we can still see traces of it in everyday life today. For example Wednesday,Show MoreRelatedVikings1677 Words   |  7 PagesVikings Close your eyes for a moment. Now imagine that you’re an English monk going about your eclectic duties, when a noise suddenly grabs your attention. You look towards the beach and you see a boat, massive in size and awe-inspiring in appearance, sitting right there on the beach where there was only sand a moment before. Then armed warriors pour off the boat, five at first, then ten, then fifteen, then twenty. To you, they’re giants, a good 4 inches in height greater than you; heavilyRead MoreEssay on Utilitarian vs Nihilist1497 Words   |  6 Pagesmorals, which prove to be the subject of discussion for philosophers when they’re going over ethics. This differentiation is also what can be given credit for why good versus evil is so compelling, in media the line between good and evil is often blurred in some places, requiring the viewer to make their own judgement on the ethics of characters, their actions, and their motivations. Depending on the ethics of the v iewer characters can be judged on different criteria, for some it is only the intentionRead MoreRelationship of Virtues in the Epic Poem, Beowulf577 Words   |  2 PagesBeowulf’s definition of courage, which is similar to Aristotle’s definition of courage. The close relationship in the definition of courage of Beowulf’s definition of courage to Aristotle’s is shown by the codes of the heroic world that guides a warrior’s life or in other words the Vikings heroic code, which is to have courage, glory, and selfless acts to protect the Lord as well as the people even when one is risking his or her life which displays loyalty. The virtues of a good warrior is describedRead MoreThe Anglo Saxon Era Of Rich History And Reflected Literature1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe Anglo Saxon Era of Rich History and Reflected Literature The Anglo Saxon Period began in 449 and ended in 1066 AD. This was a time of Viking conquering other nations, patriotism, and Pagan to Christian religious conversion. There are only few recorded authors of this era as a result of literary works such as Beowulf, Wife’s Lament, and The Seafarer being passed down orally through generations of time. The literature serves as a reflection of this ancient time rather than having an impact on thisRead MorePhilosophy and Religon Essay1286 Words   |  6 Pagesa religion while Confucianism was not, on its own. Taking concepts from one system to describe those of the other may be used but are mostly unhelpful in describing the complexities of each. Each system of morality and ethics was fundamentally different. The Catholic ethic was entirely Christian and theocentric. For Ricci, the proper way of life was delegated by what God had set down as proper. All actions, good or bad, were judged on their virtue. That virtue being defined as what which bringsRead MoreThe Expansion Of The Roman Empire866 Words   |  4 PagesCarolingians died, the lords of France elected a minor noble named Hugh Capet to serve as king. Capet held only a small territory around Paris. The English monarchy had a different development. The founders were Normans, which were descendants of Vikings who carved out a state on the peninsula of Normandy in France during the ninth century. As with Norman England, Duke William of Normandy invaded England. Following a speedy military victory, the duke, now known as William the Conqueror, introducedRead MoreWhy It Sells : A Cultural Portrait Of Today s Youth929 Words   |  4 PagesMcdonalds restaurants. The RMHC helps 9 million families every year. ______________________________________________________________________________ Postman, Neil. Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business. New York: Viking, 1985. 126-141. Print. Neil Postman is an American author from New York who wrote â€Å"Amusing Ourselves to Death†. This book became very famous. He attended Fredonia State University for his bachelors degree and received his masters at Columbia UniversityRead MoreWhap Ch 19-21 Study Questions1673 Words   |  7 PagesGermany, they were resisted by the popes. Also independent monarchies fought with each other. 3. The monarchies in France started out slowly where they conquered land little by little, while the monarchies in England were basically created by Vikings also known as Normans when they invaded England. Both monarchies faced external challenges, but they also ruled with a more tightly centralized government. 4. The expansion of agricultural production would yield higher taxes and increase the lords’Read MoreInfluence of the Samurai on Modern Japanese Society Essay1730 Words   |  7 Pagestoday. Groups of people such as the Indians or Vikings are popular groups which are referenced constantly in today’s society. However, none of these groups is more known or referenced than the Japanese Samurai. Originating in 646 AD, these Japanese warriors developed from a loose organization of farmers to the dominant social class in Feudal Japan. Along with their dominant military and political standing, the samurai brought with them a unique code or moral belief that became the core of SamuraiRead MoreHumans have Dramatically Evolved1349 Words   |  5 Pagesforecasts of expert economist are little better than chance. Socrates at least knew that he did not know. Humans do have the capacity to understand themselves but reason is often defeated by primitive emotions. Our institutions are imperfect. Will the ethics around issues like end-of-life decisions for the elderly be adequate? More positively, primates evolved advantageous sociable traits; the ability to work together is a strong force. Will future humans evolve finer characteristics of cooperation,

Discrimmination against the Elderly Essay - 955 Words

Robert Butler (1975) was one of the first writers on ageism and he defined it as â€Å"a process of systematic stereotyping of and discrimination against people because they are old. . . . Old people are categorized as senile, rigid in thought and manner, old fashioned in morality and skills† (p. 35). Ageism is a form of oppression of elders by youth and adults. Ageism intersects with classism and sexism to produce differences in distribution of retirement resources for the elderly. Women of all ethnic groups live longer than men and general have fewer economic or health-care resources than men in their old age. Women, poor and working-class, and people of color often make fewer contributions to Social Security so they have fewer benefits.†¦show more content†¦ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ANALYSIS CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS Stereotyping of elderly has resulted in inappropriate attitudes toward older persons and has conditioned people to think and act in terms of prejudice. The elderly may feel inadequate and helpless. Some even give up on life because they feel excluded. They often forget they are intelligent, fun-loving, creative, powerful, and even sexy human beings. Their age should not define who they are. With the increasing numbers of elderly, this group is the most powerful force in the entire population so they must take control of their lives. Old age was at one time was considered assets because of the experience and wisdom that usually accompanied age. The oppression of ageism intersects with, and actually intensifies, other oppressions such as classism, racism, and homophobia. We must begin to remove the negative stigma that comes with the â€Å"isms.† Our elders should continue to feel valuable assets to society. They want much of the same things as the younger generation such as love and affection, attention, the feeling of belonging, and a desire to be active and vibrant. As a younger person myself, we can be allies for the elderly. As an elderly person, they are their best allies. Working hand-in-hand, we can make a difference. Ageism is seen in the work force, living situations, and in health care. Retirement was used to recycle the workforce with younger counterparts. However, many

Chinese Kites for Warring States Period- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theChinese Kites for Warring States Period. Answer: Origin of Chinese kites The modern day kites has been believed to originate from China, from where it got various form of modification. The kites were first invented in the early stage of Warring States Period (475-221 B.C). Idea of kite was given by two philosophers Mozi and Lu Ban[1]. They got influenced by the teachings of Confucius and it helped them in the phase of developing new culture. Making of kites were only confined to the Chinese Society for several years after its origin. One of the major purpose of inventing kites during the period, were due to the military activity purpose. Many foreign powers from the Western region attacked the Chinese society, which also was responsible for civil unrest. The main purpose of inventing the first Chinese kites was to measure distance. This is considered to be an essential information for the Chinese army for transportation of resources across difficult terrain. Other major purpose of originating kites included providing communication signal for far away ship flags at sea and record readings. Due to its practical applicability Chinese military society the use of the kites became popular soon after its origin and invention[2]. History of Chinese kites As mentioned in earlier section, main purpose of inventing kite was to enhance and developed the ancient Chinese culture, which was highly influenced by the teachings of Confucius. As the first kite was developed some 2300 years ago in the province of Shandong, it became an essential cultural symbol for the Warrying Emperor[3]. Detailed information about the history of Chinese kites can be found from the book of Hong Shu. The first idea of kites came with that of the flying of heron and egret bird flying. Additional information about the history of Chinese kites can be found from the travel writings of Marco Polo. As he brought the Chinese kites while returning to Italy through the silk route, the concept of the kite became popular within the European society. The idea later transferred to the American society, where it was believed that the concept of first flight pavilion was inspired from the design of Chinese kites. After its origin, the flying of Kites became an important symbol and activity of the New Year celebration within the Chinese community of the Ancient days. As it started to become popular, various new ideas about manufacturing kites were introduced. This helped in the introduction of ideas in different forms of Kites. Different types of Chinese kites The different type of Kites can be classified according to their shape and type of materials that are being used. Centipede Kites: These kites have the shape of Dragon head with the train like chain behind it. The head and the tale of the kite are interconnected with 3 lines. The size of this kites are generally quite large in compared to other types due to their attractive nature. WeiFang devised this form of kites and was the main source of attraction of Chinese festival during the ancient periods[4]. Hard winged kites: As the name itself suggest the frame of the kite is made out of hard bamboos. The Central of the kite is highly rigid, which enables it to fly at higher ranges and which stand the high wind speed. The sale of the kite is generally manufactured of silk. Soft Winged kites: This type of Kites are generally famous for their rigid upper rims. The lower section of the kites are generally kept flexible. This type of Kites are generally manufactured in the shape of birds, insects or fishes[5]. Flat Kites: The flat kites are constructed in a single plane, which are generally made out of bamboo. This is the most common type of Kites that are used in modern days. The flat kites can also have different subcategory depending upon their shapes and colours. Celebration and symbolism of Chinese kites As mentioned in the earlier section, the popularity of the kites were mainly due to their cultural significance. In the modern days, the WeiFang International Kite Festival held every year in the month of April in the Shandong district[6]. Representatives from different nations including UK, Italy Japan and USA take part in this festival. It is therefore regarded as a source of cultural and symbolic unity of different nations across the globe. Thousands of visitors across the globe are also attracted during the Kite Festival, which is also helping to boost up the economy of the nation and promote cultural awareness. There is also high symbolic values of the kites that are being used as a part of cultural Unity across different nations. The shapes and the design that are used in the manufacturing of modern Chinese kites help to preserve the ancient tradition. The symbols of the same helps in signifying and representation the strength of ancient Chinese culture. Reference "History Of Chinese Kites." Chinakites.org. N.p., 2018. Web. 1 Apr. 2018. Cai, Jinghong. "Centuries-Old Chinese Art: With an Italian Twist." Art Education 70.6 (2017): 43-48. Ji-zhen, Z. H. A. N. G. "Exploitation of folk sports cultural resources and the development of local social economyEconomic benefit analysis of Weifang International Kite Festival." Journal of Shandong Institute of Physical Education and Sports 2 (2009): 003. Yan, Hong-Sen. Reconstruction designs of lost ancient Chinese machinery. Vol. 3. Springer Science Business Media, 2007.

The Failures Of Affirmative Action Essays (1217 words) -

The Failures of Affirmative Action Audience: US Congress Once upon a time, there were two people who went to an interview for only one job position at the same company. The first person attended a prestigious and highly academic university, had years of work experience in the field and, in the mind of the employer, had the potential to make a positive impact on the companies performance. The second person was just starting out in the field and seemed to lack the ambition that was visible in his opponent. Who was chosen for the job?, you ask. Well, if the story took place before the mid-sixties, the answer would be obvious. However, with the adoption of the social policy known as affirmative action, the answer becomes unclear. After the United States passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, it became apparent that certain business traditions, such as seniority status and aptitude tests, prevented total equality in employment. Therefore, president Lyndon Johnson decided to do something to remedy these flaws. In 1965 he issued an ex! ecutive order that required federal contractors to take "affirmative action" to ensure that applicants are employed?without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin. When LBJ signed that order, he enacted one of the most discriminating pieces of legislature in the history of the United States. Affirmative action was created in an effort to help minorities leap the discriminative barriers that were prevalent when the bill was first enacted, in 1965. At this time the country was in the wake of nation wide civil-rights demonstrations, and racial tensions was at its peak. White males, who controlled the hiring and firing of employees, occupied most of the corporate and managerial positions. The US government believed that these employers were discriminating against minorities and believed that there was no better time than the present to bring about change. When the civil rights law passed, minorities, especially African-Americans believed they should receive retribution for the years of discrimination they had endured. The government responded by passing laws to aid them in attaining better employment as reprieve for the previous two-hundred years of suffering their race endured at the hands of the white man. To many, this made sense. Supporters of affirmative action asked, "Why not let the government help them get better jobs, after all the white man was responsible for their suffering". While all this may be true, there is another question to be asked. Are we truly responsible for the years of persecution that African-Americans were submitted to? The answer is yes and no. It is true that the white man is partly responsible for the suppression of the African-American race. However, the individual white male is not. It is just as unfair and suppressive to hold many white males responsible for past persecution now as it was to discriminate against many African-Americans in the generations before. Why should an honest, hard working, open minded, white male be suppressed, today, for past injustice? Affirmative action accepts the idea of an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. Do two wrongs make a right? Affirmative action supporters make one large assumption when defending the policy. They assume that minority groups want help. This, however, may not always be the case. It is my belief that they fought to attain equality, not special treatment. To them, the acceptance of special treatment is an admittance of inferiority. They ask," Why can't I become successful on my own? Why do I need laws to help me get a job?" African-Americans want to be treated as equals, not incompetents. Thousands of white males, who do not discriminate, are being punished because of those who do. The Northern Natural Gas Company of Omaha, Nebraska was forced by the government to release sixty-five white male workers to make room for minority employees in 1977. Five major Omaha corporations reported that the number of white managers fell 25% in 1969 due to restrictions put on them when affirmative action was adopted. You ask," What did these white males do to bring about their termination?" The only crime that they were guilty of was being white. It hardly seems fair to punish so many innocent men for the crimes

Battle of Guadalcanal in World War II

Battle of Guadalcanal in World War II Battle of Guadalcanal Conflict Date The Battle of Guadalcanal began on August 7, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945). Armies Commanders Allies Major General Alexander Vandergrift Major General Alexander Patchup to 60,000 men Japanese Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake General Hitoshi Imamura rising to 36,200 men Operation Watchtower In the months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Allied forces suffered a string of reverses as Hong Kong, Singapore, and the Philippines were lost and the Japanese swept through the Pacific. Following the propaganda victory of the Doolittle Raid, the Allies succeeded in checking the advance of the Japanese at the Battle of the Coral Sea. The following month they won a decisive victory at the  Battle of Midway which saw four Japanese carriers sunk in exchange for USS Yorktown (CV-5). Capitalizing on this triumph, the Allies began to move to the offensive in the summer of 1942. Conceived by Admiral Ernest King, Commander-in-Chief, US Fleet, Operation Watchtower called for Allied troops to land in the Solomon Islands at Tulagi, Gavutu–Tanambogo, and Guadalcanal. Such an operation would protect the Allied lines of communication to Australia and allow for the capture of a Japanese airfield then under construction at Lunga Point, Guadalcanal. To oversee the operation, the South Pacific Area was created with Vice Admiral Robert Ghormley in command and reporting to Admiral Chester Nimitz at Pearl Harbor. The ground forces for the invasion would be under the leadership of Major General Alexander A. Vandegrift, with his 1st Marine Division forming the bulk of the 16,000 troops involved. In preparation for the operation, Vandegrifts men were shifted from the United States to New Zealand and forward bases were established or reinforced in the New Hebrides and New Caledonia. Assembling near Fiji on July 26, the Watchtower force consisted of 75 ships led by Vice Admiral Frank J. Fletcher with Rear Admiral Richmond K. Turner overseeing the amphibious forces. Going Ashore Approaching the area in poor weather, the Allied fleet remained undetected by the Japanese. On August 7, the landings began with 3,000 Marines assaulting the seaplane bases at Tulagi and Gavutu-Tanambogo. Centered on Lieutenant Colonel Merritt A. Edsons 1st Marine Raider Battalion and the 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines, the Tulagi force was compelled to disembark approximately 100 yards from the beach due to submerged coral reefs.   Wading ashore against no resistance, the Marines began securing the island and engaged enemy forces led by Captain Shigetoshi Miyazaki. Though Japanese resistance was fierce on both Tulagi and Gavutu-Tanambogo, the islands were secured on August 8 and 9 respectively. The situation on Guadalcanal was different as Vandegrift landed with 11,000 men against minimal opposition. Pushing forward the next day, they advanced to the Lunga River, secured the airfield, and drove off the Japanese construction troops that were in the area. The Japanese retreated west to the Matanikau River. In their haste to retreat, they left behind large quantities of food and construction equipment. At sea, Fletchers carrier aircraft incurred losses as they battled Japanese land-based aircraft from Rabaul. These attacks also resulted in the sinking of a transport, USS George F. Elliott, and a destroyer, USS Jarvis. Concerned about aircraft losses and his ships fuel supplies, he withdrew from the area on the evening of August 8. That evening, Allied naval forces suffered a severe defeat at the nearby Battle of Savo Island. Caught by surprise,  Rear Admiral Victor Crutchley screening force lost four heavy cruisers. Unaware that Fletcher was withdrawing, the Japanese commander, Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa, departed the area after the victory fearing air attack once the sun rose   His air cover gone, Turner withdrew on August 9 despite the fact that not all of the troops and supplies had been landed (Map). The Battle Begins Ashore, Vandegrifts men worked to form a loose perimeter and completed the airfield on August 18. Dubbed Henderson Field in memory of Marine aviator Lofton Henderson who had been killed at Midway, it began receiving aircraft two days later. Critical to the islands defense, the aircraft at Henderson became known as the Cactus Air Force (CAF) in reference to Guadalcanals code name. Short on supplies, the Marines initially possessed about two weeks worth of food when Turner departed. Their situation was further worsened by the onset of dysentery and a variety of tropical diseases. During this time, the Marines began patrolling against the Japanese in the Matanikau Valley with mixed results. In response to the Allied landings, Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake, commander of the 17th Army at Rabaul, began shifting troops to the island. The first of these, under Colonel Kiyonao Ichiki, landed at Taivu Point on August 19. Advancing west, they attacked the Marines early on August 21 and were repulsed with heavy losses at the Battle of the Tenaru. The Japanese directed additional reinforcements to the area which resulted in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons. Though the battle was a draw, it forced Rear Admiral Raizo Tanakas reinforcement convoy to turn back. As the CAF controlled the skies around the island during daylight hours, the Japanese were compelled to deliver supplies and troops to the island using destroyers. Holding Guadalcanal Fast enough to reach the island, unload, and escape before dawn, the destroyer supply line was dubbed the Tokyo Express. Though effective, this method precluded the delivery of heavy equipment and weapons. His troops suffering from tropical diseases and food shortages, Vandegrift was reinforced and re-supplied in late-August and early-September. Having built up sufficient strength, Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi attacked the Allied position at Lunga Ridge, south of Henderson Field, on September 12. In two nights of brutal fighting, the Marines held, forcing the Japanese to retreat. On September 18, Vandegrift was further reinforced, though the carrier USS Wasp was sunk covering the convoy. An American thrust against the Matanikau was checked late in the month, but actions in early October inflicted heavy losses on the Japanese and delayed their next offensive against the Lunga perimeter. With the struggle raging, Ghormley was convinced to dispatch US Army troops to aid Vandegrift. This coincided with a large Express run scheduled for October 10/11. On that evening, the two forces collided and Rear Admiral Norman Scott won a victory at the Battle of Cape Esperance. Not to be deterred, the Japanese sent a large convoy towards the island on October 13. To provide cover, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto dispatched two battleships to bombard Henderson Field. Arriving after midnight on October 14, they succeeded in destroying 48 of CAFs 90 aircraft. Replacements were quickly flown to the island and CAF began attacks on the convoy that day but to no effect. Reaching Tassafaronga on the islands western shore, the convoy began unloading the next day. Returning, CAF aircraft were more successful, destroying three cargo ships. Despite their efforts, 4,500 Japanese troops landed. The Battle Grinds On Reinforced, Hyakutake had around 20,000 men on Guadalcanal. He believed Allied strength to be around 10,000 (it was actually 23,000) and moved forward with another offensive. Moving east, his men assaulted the Lunga Perimeter for three days between October 23-26. Dubbed the Battle of Henderson Field, his attacks were thrown back with massive losses numbering 2,200-3,000 killed against less than 100 Americans. As the fighting was concluding, American naval forces now led by Vice Admiral William Bull Halsey (Ghormley was relieved on October 18) engaged the Japanese at the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands. Though Halsey lost the carrier USS Hornet, his men inflicted severe losses on the Japanese aircrews. The fight marked the last time that either sides carriers would clash in the campaign. Exploiting the victory at Henderson Field, Vandegrift began an offensive across the Matanikau. Though initially successful, it was halted when Japanese forces were discovered to the east near Koli Point. In a series of battles around Koli in early November, American forces defeated and drove off the Japanese. As this action was underway, two companies of the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel Evans Carlson landed at Aola Bay on November 4. The next day, Carlson was ordered to move overland back to Lunga (approx. 40 miles) and engage enemy forces along the way. During the Long Patrol, his men killed around 500 Japanese. At Matanikau, Tokyo Express runs aided Hyakutake in strengthening his position and turning back American attacks on November 10 and 18. Victory at Last As a stalemate ensued on land, the Japanese made efforts to build up strength for an offensive in late November. To aid in this, Yamamoto made available eleven transports for Tanaka to transport 7,000 men to the island. This convoy would be covered by a force including two battleships which would bombard Henderson Field and destroy the CAF. Aware that the Japanese were moving troops to the island, the Allies planned a similar move. On the night of November 12/13, the Allied covering force encountered the Japanese battleships in the opening actions of the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. Taking off on November 14, CAF and aircraft from USS Enterprise spotted and sunk seven of Tanakas transports. Though taking heavy losses the first night, American warships turned the tide on the night of November 14/15. Tanakas remaining four transports beached themselves at Tassafaronga before dawn, but were quickly destroyed by Allied aircraft. The failure to reinforce the island led to the abandonment of the November offensive. On November 26, Lieutenant General Hitoshi Imamura took command of the newly created Eighth Area Army at Rabaul which included Hyakutakes command. Though he initially began planning for attacks at Lunga, the Allied offensive against Buna on New Guinea led to a shift in priorities as it presented a greater threat to Rabaul. As result, offensive operations on Guadalcanal were suspended. Though the Japanese won a naval victory at Tassafaronga on November 30, the supply situation on the island was becoming desperate. On December 12, the Imperial Japanese Navy recommended that the island be abandoned. The army concurred and on December 31 the Emperor endorsed the decision. As the Japanese planned their withdraw, changes occurred on Guadalcanal with Vandegrift and the battle weary 1st Marine Division departing and Major General Alexander Patchs XIV Corps taking over. On December 18, Patch began an offensive against Mount Austen. This stalled on January 4, 1943 due to strong enemy defenses. The attack was renewed on January 10 with troops also striking ridges known as the Seahorse and the Galloping Horse. By January 23, all objectives had been secured. As this fight was concluding, the Japanese had begun their evacuation which was dubbed Operation Ke. Unsure of Japanese intentions, Halsey sent Patch reinforcements which led to the naval Battle of Rennell Island on January 29/30. Concerned about a Japanese offensive, Patch did not aggressively pursue the retreating enemy. By February 7, Operation Ke was complete with 10,652 Japanese soldiers having left the island. Realizing the enemy had departed, Patch declared the island secured on February 9. Aftermath During the campaign to take Guadalcanal, the Allied losses numbered around 7,100 men, 29 ships, and 615 aircraft. Japanese casualties were approximately 31,000 killed, 1,000 captured, 38 ships, and 683-880 aircraft. With the victory at Guadalcanal, the strategic initiative passed to the Allies for the remainder of the war. The island was subsequently developed into a major base for supporting future Allied offensives. Having exhausted themselves in the campaign for the island, the Japanese had weakened themselves elsewhere which contributed to the successful conclusion of Allied campaigns on New Guinea. The first sustained Allied campaign in the Pacific, it provided a psychological boost for the troops as well as led to the development of combat and logistical systems that would be used in the Allies march across the Pacific. With the island secured, operations continued on New Guinea and the Allies began their island hopping campaign towards Japan.

Literature Program Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Literature Program Paper - Essay Example Education is one of the primary and essential activities especially for the preschool-aged children (i.e. children aged between 3 to 5 years) which bestows numerous advantages. In accordance with the present day context, the increasing pace of global economy has resulted in a major emphasis upon the importance of education at the early stage of the life of children which enables them to enhance their human virtue along with facilitating them to cope with different environmental and social factors. Based on the importance and essentiality of education at the early stage, this report intends prepare an effective literature plan especially for the preschool children through identifying the development goals which may enable to support the language, intellectual, personality, social and moral as well as aesthetic and creative development of the preschool age children. ... A range of developmental activities as well as strategies will be implemented in order to perform a streamlined experiential learning (Childs Play Learning Center, 2011). The literature program will also involve television as the primary media which would broadcast various initiatives of the literature program which would enable to draw community involvement. In addition, the parents will be considered as a major part of this literature program to increase the efficiency of the preschool learning activities. Identifying the Development Goals Language The language development activities in the literature program will be focused on providing performing activities which allow the preschool children to effectively understand and develop their linguistic skills. In order enhance the capability of the preschool children the activities will be performed independently for each age group. Moreover, telling stories will also be an effective activity which would enable the preschoolers to remai n interested with regard to the learning process (Childs Play Learning Center, 2011). Intellectual Learning In order to enhance the intellectual capability of the preschoolers, it’s important to observe regarding how the children tend to practice while doing any activity. As it can be observed that predominantly preschool children learn through observing and doing various activities by themselves. Therefore, the literature program will be focused on different cognitive areas such as numbers, shapes and colors which may enable the preschoolers to enhance their intellectual skills (University of Illinois Board of Trustees, 2013). Personality Development Personality development is

Gay and Lesbian Persecution in Germany, 1933-45 Essay

Gay and Lesbian Persecution in Germany, 1933-45 - Essay Example There are no records about how many men perished in those concentration camps and it is very hard to looks for an exact number of how many bore the cruel treatment (Grau, Claudia & Patrick 1995). They were not only punished by the German soldiers instead they also received persecutions from other prisoners, they were beaten to death. Homosexuals in forced labor camps were assigned grueling and blood curdling jobs on the sentence of â€Å"extermination through work† these individuals faced worst punishments than other Jewish inmates in the camps. Estimates of 100,000 men and women homosexuals were arrested in the years between 1933 and 1945 out of which 50,000 were persecuted. Although it is hard to specify, how many of them perished in the concentration camps from hard labor and death sentences. After the end of war these persecutions and deaths were unacknowledged by many countries but later on some men were arrested on the basis of evidence found that dated back to the years of Nazi. It only happened very recently in 2002 that the German government tendered an apology to the gay and lesbian community of their acts. However, these events in the history still serve as a huge controversy and offense among the homosexual community of the society. There are many German famous Jews who have made their mark in the history. Most German Jews either left the country or they were murdered in the Holocaust. Some of the very famous German Jews in history are divided according to their fields.

Festival De La Familia Concert Report Music Essay

Festival De La Familia Concert Report Music Essay For the Concert report I attended the Festival de la Familia at Cal expo on April 25th. The first thing I did when I got there was to look for a schedule or program of the events that were going on. It turns out there were more performers than I could actually watch. I headed first to the tower stage as I could hear music coming from there. I got there and a Mariachi band was playing. I looked at the event program and it was the Tonantzin Mariachi according to the program but apparently it wasnt. I overhead people saying that the mariachi band was actually a different one that the one listed. The mariachi band members were all wearing traditional charro costumes. I got to hear three songs before the band ended their session. However these songs were pretty melodic and upbeat. They didnt dance much but they did move in unison to the rhythm of the music. The melody was pretty joyful, it seemed that it was made especially for celebrations. There was an obvious harmony laid by violins matching the main melody. It was really nice hearing how all the different harmonies from the different instrument groups complemented each other, these songs all had a very nice texture. The rhythm was easy to decode as it was made by the guitar players muting the guitar strings with the palms of their hands to create a beat. They would also stomp on the ground every once in a while to the beat of the music. The instrumentation was pretty standard, it consisted of guitars, a guitarron,a couple violins and trumpets, and a singer. All instruments are of Europena decent (Mariachi). The most interested instrument was the guitarron. It was different in that it is usually only found in mariachi bands. Although the guitarron that the Mariachi bands use is actually called guitarron mexicano or Mexican guitarron as there is a Chilean and an Argentinian version of the guitarron as well. (The Guitarron). Althought it seems the guitarron comes directly from the guitar it actually does not. The guitarron was developed independently in 16th century Spain independently from the Spanish bajo de uà ±a. It replaced the harp in the 20th century (What is the mariachi?). The trumpets were not originally part of the Mariachi bands arsenal. As Mariachi music became more popular and because of the popularity of jazz and Cuban music mariachi bands started adopting the trumpet to accompany or replace the violins and harp. (What is the mariachi?). The mariachi band is believed to have originated from Jalisco, Mexico, although nobody seems to know where the name Mariachi came from (What is the mariachi?). The instruments used in a mariachi band were introduced by Spain. They were originally meant to be used in mass, but later on criollos began to use them to create popular music (What is the mariachi?). Back when Mariachis started, they represented the pride and culture of the Mexican people(What is the mariachi?). Today, the same can be said as when one listens mariachi music usually the first thing that comes into mind is something to do with Mexico. The band I saw at the event hasnt deviated much from the old traditions. They still wear the old traditional costume, the large hats, the songs were traditional ones. They did put to use all the modern mariachi band instruments including the guitarron and trumpets. There was no harp present. In my opinion, I would says that theres not a lot of difference between the Mariachi bands around the world. Most of them play the same songs but the different comes in the quality of their sound, the way the play their instruments so that the song sounds like one good piece instead of a mix of instruments d also the singer. I heard some singers in mariachi bands whose voices just dont match the song at all. Later on I went to the tent Top Stage and got to see the group BF Las Estrellas de Hayward. I hope that was what they were called since it seemed that the schedule was a little bit off and the performers were performing at different stages than the ones they were listed on the handout. This was a dance group. Although there was no live music playing here, it was recorded, but it was still nice to listen to it and watch the traditional dances of Veracruz, Mexico or jarocho. These dancers were wearing the traditional white guayabera shirts and white pants and hats. The women were wearing colorful dresses and head decorations. They were all wearing special shoes with which the would tap on the ground or do the zapateados to create a percussive sound that would complement the other instruments. I would say that the dancers tried to keeps the traditional form that was used since the beginning of the jarocho music. The whole performance had a very tropical feeling to it, especially after they brought in statues of sea creatures such as sea starts and sea horses. It would have been nice if they were actual live instruments playing but from what I listened I could tell some of the instruments that were playing. One of the most noticeable instruments was the harp which made the music sound very Caribbean like and you could also hear guitars on the background laying the main rhythm. Afterwards, the group Samba da Terra made their presence into the stage. They were a Brazilian samba group located in Sacramento. They started out with about 6 drummers creating a steady beat. The tempo was pretty slow but it picked up as time went by. The drummers did not seem to wearing any ethnic clothing or costumes. They were all wearing t-shirts with the Samba da Terra logo on them and short pants or long shorts. The only instruments played during their entire performance were drums of different styles and sizes. The drums sounded different enough from each other to distinguish the timbre even though all of them were beat at about the same volume. There wasnt much harmony; the drums themselves dont have a very harmonic sound. There were lots of dynamics though. Some beats were louder that others. The was a lead drum player with a different type of drum that he would ply similar to a regular snare. He would play his own part but he would accentuate certain beats to amplifly the beats made by the other drums. If it wasnt for the dynamics, the beat would have sounded pretty lifeless and simple. The texture was simple, there were the bigger drums seting a deep bass sound while the smaller drums had a higher pitch and very played a little faster that the bigger drums. Some of the players would alternate between using their hands and stick to create different sounds. There also want much of a melody, only a study beat and rhythm. They would however change it about every 30 seconds. You could tell that there was an African influence in the samba. For one, the beat had a very tribal feeling to it. The instrument s have their roots back to Africa as well. The drums came from slaves brought to Brazil by the Portuguese. (Samba) Later, the group was joined by a group of female dancers that dance to the rhythm of the drumming. Thats when things got more interesting. The female dancers were in traditional samba costumes which were pretty colorful and were wearing this huge head pieces adorned with feathers. As the dancers were dancing to the beat the drummers would suddenly change the tempo pretty drastically to a really fast one and the dancers would try to keep up with it. Later the tempo would slow down and so would the dancers. At first, the dancer were doing a pretty simple dance, as the performance progressed they started doing some pretty complex dances that seem to tak e a lot skill to pull of. You could tell which dancers had more experience by observing them dance during the complex parts. Samba da Terra was formed in 2001 by Marta Santos. Marta is a native Brazilian that has participated in various Samba event including the Carnaval of Brazil. Afterwards, as I was walking towards the exit of the expo, I ran into Aztec dancers. They were doing a traditional dance. Most of them were wearing traditional Aztec clothing and articles. The performer were of different age. The were kids that seem to be about 8 to 12 years old to full grown adults in their 40s or 50s. The main instrument seems to be a drum in which the main beat was formed. Each dance had some type of foot shaker that created noise every time the dancer moved. The group seemed to be divided, some dancer would be doing the same part while another groups while another group would be doing another. The older dancers were the ones with the drums. There was a certain dancer that seem to have a special role. She was a young kid that dance differently from the others. She was doing some type of jump/sneaking movement in between the other dancer as if she was looking for something. I was surprised about this because the dance that she was doing seem pretty hard and tiring compared to the others. The music was simple. It was mostly drums accompanied by the shakers. There was the occasional vocal chanting. The overall melody seemed to be calling for something, as in calling a God for help or a war dance. There was a war like rhythm to the sound structure of the Aztec dancers. The main beat was laid off by the two drummers. It was complemented by the rattles in the feet of all the dancers, in fact the rattles created a sort of melody. You could distinguish between the sound of the two drums because one of the drummers would play softer that the other. The dynamics also changed to give a more dramatic beat and the dancers would move more dramatically to compensate. The tempo stay relatively the same thought out the entire performance. The texture was relatively simple just consisting of the noise coming from the rattles and the drum beat. Before the pre-Hispanic times in Mexico, the Aztecs would dance and sing as an offering to the Gods. (Mexican Dances) . The dance purpose was to ask for good fertility, crops and earth. The Aztecs would use two drums used during the dance called the huà ©huetl y teponaztle. (Mexican Dances) both drums are skin drums. (The aztec music) The huà ©huetl was played wit the hands while the teponaztle was played with mallets. The rattles found on the feet of the dancers are called Theres not much known about the Aztecs musical culture prior the arrival of the Spanish. (Mexicolore) After the Spanish conquistadors came and the Mexican empire fell the use of drums or any other percussion instrument was forbidden and any one found using on would get its hands cut off (Mexican Dances) This lead to the development of the guitars made of animal shells. (Mexican Dances) Later in the 1930-1940s, the old instruments such as the the huà ©huetl y teponaztle started to be used again because of Manuel Pinda Escalona, Gabriel Osorio. (Mexican Dances) Today most Aztec dance groups consist of a few drummers an and group of dancers. Its hard to find the traditional instruments used back in time such as the armadillo or tortoise guitars and drums (Ayotl) or the Omichicauaztli which was made out of deer bones. (Aztec Music) Overall, the research that Citations http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariachi http://www.cumpiano.com/Home/Articles/Special%20interest/Acbass/guitarron.html The guitarron http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitarr%C3%B3n_mexicano Guitarrà ³n mexicano http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/1875-what-is-the-mariachi What is the mariachi? http://www.sambadaterra.com/aboutus.html Samba Da Terra: About us http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba Samba citations http://www.barraganzone.com/mexicandances_aztec.html Mexican Dances http://www.aztec-indians.com/aztec-music.html Aztec Music http://www.mexicolore.co.uk/index.php?one=azttwo=mus Mexicolore http://www.aztec-history.com/aztec-music.html tHE aZTEC mUSIC)

Impact of Technology in Australians Lives Essay -- Technology

From invitro fertilisation to autopsy, people’s lives in Australia are potentially subject to scrutiny. The extent to which details of a particular individual’s existence are on show depends not just on the person’s own decisions but also on the decisions of related others, private firms and the state as well as inadvertent access by technology. This essay examines several points in people’s lives where they are most likely to encounter the public gaze, either now or into the future. Specifically, these junctures are the Census, The 100 point ID system and the lens of telepanoramic digital photography. Every five years, the Census provides a snapshot of Australian households. The data collected forms the basis of public planning. (How to complete your Census form 2006, p.2) On the night of August the 8th 2006, Australian households undertook the latest census. The form could be completed in either hard copy or online. Of particular interest was Question 60, Time capsule, which invited households to have a copy of their responses to the Census identified by their names in microfilm format for future reference. This information will be held in secure storage by the National Archives of Australia for 99 years when it will be made available to ‘genealogists †¦, historians, academics, social analysts, journalists, and fiction and non-fiction writers’. This option was first made available at the previous Census held in 2001 (How to complete your Census form 2006, p.17). This opportunity was welcomed by genealogists, who have long envied their British counterparts historic and full access to census data from 1841 onwards. Indeed, the 1901 census has recently been made available (Census Online 2006). In the Australian case however, t... ...to complete your census form 2006 Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra. The metroguide: a guide to Adelaide’s public transport system n.d. Adelaide Metro, Adelaide. Murray, E 2006 ‘Jail for â€Å"greedy† con woman’, The Age, September 22. Viewed 19th of October 2006 Norris, M 2006 ‘I caught our most-wanted con woman’, Woman’s Day, October 2006, pp.34-35. Privacy on the Internet: Effect on genealogy n.d. Viewed 12 October 2006 Tadros, E & Petrie, A 2006 ‘Moment of truth in the many lives of Jodie’, The Sydney Morning Herald, July 7. Viewed 19th of October 2006 Whittaker, N 1998 Controlling your credit cards, Simon & Schuster, East Roseville.

Invitational Leadership Essay

Introduction Leadership, and the study of it, has its commencement in the early civilizations. Ancient rulers, pharaohs, emperors and biblical patriarchs have one thing in common – leadership. Although scholars have been studying this phenomenon for almost two centuries, numerous definitions and theories abound throughout. However, enough similarities exist so as to define â€Å"leadership† as an effort of influence and the power to induce compliance (Wren, 1995). Leadership is a process through which an individual influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. This definition of leadership is relatively similar to that of Northouse’s (2007,p.3) And the definition of a leader stipulated by Peter Drucker is someone who has followers. The capacity to influence others is dependent on the power detained. The leader’s attitudes would definitely determine the level of productivity from his employees. A Task Orientation or Directive Behaviour reflects the concern of a leader for the actual task at hand whereas Employee Orientation or Supportive Behaviours reflects how much a leader is concerned for the people around him, providing support and encouragement for them. Concurrently, different theories have been developed for the field of leadership but we would be showing more attention to the Invitational Leadership theory. The research on the effects of Invitational Education Theory (IET) in the educational administrative process is relatively new as compared to other theories pertaining to leadership. Invitational Leadership has a different dimension from the standard theories of leadership that emphasized the process of influencing others through the use of power to an alternative leadership style that promotes collaboration and show consideration and respect for individuals in the educational system. This study comprises of two parts. Firstly, we would see the theoretical introduction of the Invitational Leadership, followed a brief comparison of the theory with other leadership theories possessing more or less the same characteristics and finally, in what ways the Invitational Leadership is more suitable to the educational community. Secondly, we would focus on what the invitational style provides in response to the demands of the school sector. Besides, we would see to what extent the invitational leadership is applied to my profession through examples drawn from my past experiences. ————————————————- 1. Theoretical part Invitational Theory Purkey (1992, p.5) defines Invitational Leadership asa theory which â€Å"is a collection of assumptions that seek to explain phenomena and provide a means of intentionally summoning people to realise their relatively boundless potential in all areas of worthwhile human endeavour† Invitational Theory is a mode of professional practice that summons the environment and all relationships formed in educational and human service organizations. It is a process for communicating caring and appropriate message intended to invite forth the realisation of human potential. It is also a way for identifying and changing those institutional and relational forces that defeat and destroy potential. Communication is vital for all social relationships or integration. Schools, as a social institution, send out complex message systems that continuously inform people of their worth, ability, and power to direct themselves. The concept of â€Å"invitation† derives from the effort provided by those who seek to communicate ideas. This involves shaping, moulding and changing. The word invite is a derivation of the Latin word invite. It probably began as vito, which means to avoid or shun. In early Roman society, vito was used to express fear of encroachment by other tribes, and to forbid their entry into Rome. As Rome became a dominant force, its citizens felt more secure and opened their borders to the world. In time, the prefix in- meaning â€Å"without† or â€Å"not,† was added, and the word invite, meaning â€Å"to receive politely,† became common and developed into invite. So by definition, an invitation is a purposive and generous act by which the invit er seeks to enroll others in the vision set forth in the invitation. From this we derive the term Invitational Leadership (Purkey & Siegel, 2002, p212). From an invitational viewpoint, individuals possess the characteristics of being able, valuable and responsible. As such, they are to be treated accordingly. Conversely, we observe a transformation from the appellations used: from â€Å"motivate,† â€Å"shape,† â€Å"reinforce,† â€Å"make,† â€Å"enhance,† â€Å"build,† and â€Å"empower† people to that of â€Å"offer,† â€Å"propose,† â€Å"present,† â€Å"encourage,† â€Å"consider,† and â€Å"summon cordially.† Similarly, in the school context, the invitational leader is the one who summons associates to higher levels of functioning and presents them with the opportunity to participate in the construction of something of mutual benefit. Ultimately, we find that this â€Å"something† is a procedure to create a better environment and a way to eliminate inequalities. Invitational Leadership offer a new perspective, an involvement for positive social change. It acknowledges our potential, our integrity, our interdependence and our responsibility to do good. Moreover, a central element in many definitions of leadership is that there is a process of influence. Leithwood et al (1999, p.6) say that â€Å"influence †¦ seems to be a necessary part of most conceptions of leadership.† Yulk (2002, p.) explains this influence process: â€Å"Most definitions of leadership reflect the assumption that it involves a social influence process whereby intentional influence is exerted by one person [or group] over other people [or groups] to structure the activities and relationships in a group or organisation.† Yulk’s use of ‘person’ or ‘group’ indicates that leadership may be exercised by individuals as well as teams. Additionally, this opinion is shared by Harris (2002) and Leithwood (2001) who both advocate distributed leadership as an alternative to traditional top-down leadership models. Invitational leadership as a model of influence It can be agreed that leadership involves influence and that it may be exercised by anyone in an organisation. In addition, Cuban (1988,p.193) points out to leadership as an influence process. â€Å"Leadership then refers to people who bend the motivations and actions of others to achieving certain goals; it implies taking initiatives and risks.† This opinion demonstrates that the process of influence is focused as it is intended to lead to specific outcomes. Furthermore, this notion is reinforced by Fidler (1997, p.25) : â€Å"followers are influenced towards goal achievement.† Eventually, a similar concept is used by Stoll and Fink (1996), that of ‘invitational’ leadership explaining how leaders function in schools. â€Å"Leadership is about communicating invitational messages to individuals and groups with whom leaders interact in order to build and act on a shared and evolving vision of enhanced educational experiences for pupils.† (p.109) At this point, I agree to what Stoll and Fink (1996) said; the role of the leader, in the school, is to work together with his collaborators towards making the institution an inclusive school which provides a good education to all pupils, irrespective of their varying abilities. Further to this, communication should be at the base of all decision making to arrive at a consensus between the different stakeholders. As it is stated in the School Management Manual, the Rector should â€Å"run the school in close collaboration with the Deputy Rector.† The Rector or the Deputy Rector, should be open to new ideas put forward by staff or pupils. The internal communication (morning assembly, form period, meeting with students’ representatives, teaching staff, head of Department etc.) of the school should be an open platform where leaders create a conviviality atmosphere among each individuals, therefore, inviting others to get engaged in the progression of the school. As we have compared the close relationship of Invitational Leadership as being a model of influence, equally, the Invitational Leadership Theory reflects a transformational dimension. Transformational Leadership enhanced the motivation, morale and performance of follower’s through a variety of mechanisms. These comprise connecting the follower’s sense of identity and self to the mission and the collective identity of the organization; being a role model for followers that inspires them; challenging followers to take greater ownership for their work, and understanding the strength and weaknesses of followers, so the leader can align them with tasks that optimize their performance. Similarly, the invitational leader invites the followers by communicating to them the mission and goal of the organisation and by accepting the individual personality. As the leader himself is a role model in displaying invitational qualities, he reinforces these qualities among his/her followers. Becoming an Invitational Leader necessitates that a leader become more consciously aware of his or her self and, by so doing, takes responsibility of how he or she defines that self. If we distinguish ourselves to be lacking in some fundamental leadership quality, then assuredly we will fail to influence others to join our cause. Furthermore, the invitational leadership enclose these servant types of values : excellence, caring, justice, and faith. Review of current literature supports the need for a change in leadership in order to adequately meet the needs of current educational institutions. Becoming an invitational leader â€Å"How can I gain the cooperation of those in my environment so that effectiveness and productivity increase and that our group function more smoothly and effectively?† The only way is by inviting, showing trust, understanding and respect (Purkey, Siegel, 2002). Intimidation and coercion, commonly used approaches, are not effective and eventually will prove to be counter-productive. They believe that there is only one motivation inside humans and that is an internal drive and desire to realise one’s own potential. In short we all want to be more, to self-actualise and to put our talents to good use by committing to something beyond ourselves. This can only be achieved by volunteered and not by pressure. Hence, I can affirm the more leaders are viewed as caring, respectful and supportive, the greater their chances of emancipating the talents and energies of their associates. Those in authority must first begin by making others feel valued if they hope to gain respect and cooperation in return. The first stage toward effective leadership is a wise, rooted sense of self. This means a commitment to find one’s own core values. The authors, Purkey & Siegel (2002) put forward that one cannot empower others without first empowering oneself. These two scholars present various ideas for cultivating all aspects of life from physical and psychological to the spiritual and intellectual. Furthermore, the leader has to present a vision of what a successful organization looks like, to set the proper environment in order to move people to embrace the organisation’s vision and to take on the individual and collective responsibility for the successes and failures of the organization. This would result in a group of self-actualizing individuals, each committed to the purpose and to one another in a supporting environment. Likewise, the school’s atmosphere should be conducive enough so as to inspire people connected to the school to be committed among themselves. Like indicated initially, the leader, that is the Rector or headmaster of the school, is the one to establish the point of contact between the administration, teaching and non-teaching staff and the students, to create avenues that the personnel would follow. Consequently, the opportunity given to each individual would unleash the potential that reside in them. Similarly, each one would adopt an invitational approach as they are constantly exposed to it in their everyday situation at school. The ability to challenge the people you lead to perform high quality will only continue over time if the leader has developed his invitational side as well. As stipulated in the School Management Manual of the Ministry of Education, Culture & Human Resources, the Rector, as the leader â€Å"builds and accompanies his teams, providing them with the required support and motivation, listening to their views and their problems and valuing their effort, support and contribution.† Walter Bennis, one of our more dynamic thinkers on leadership, has defined a leader is one who is guided by an â€Å"exciting and specific dream and who enrols others in his or her vision.† (Purkey, Siegel; 2002) thus, by providing support and motivation, school’s leaders enroll others by summoning them cordially to realise their potential. Furthermore, support for the importance of values was provided by Stoll and Fink (1996) in their study of leadership in education. They affirmed that successful leaders rely upon a strong set of values to guide their decision-making. We can contrast the decision-making process to the Participative Leadership which is defined by Leithwood et al. (2002) as a leadership style which â€Å"assumes that the decision-making processes of the group ought to be central focus for leaders† (p.12). Invitational Education Theory (IET) As stated by the author of Fundamentals of Invitational Education, the focus of Invitational Leadership in education is on the message transmitted by people, places, policies, programs, and processes (Purkey, 2008, p.7). Invitational education is based on three fundamental ideas Purkey, W.W., & Novak, J.M. (1996).: the democratic ethos, the perceptual tradition, and self-concept theory. The democratic ethos put emphasize on â€Å"deliberate dialogue and mutual respect as people work together to construct the character, practices and institutions that promote a fulfilling shared life.†(p.9) In this democratic style of leadership, it implies that whoever is concerned or affected by decisions should have a say in those decisions. The perceptual tradition states that events are always seen through the individual and cultural filters people use. Thus an important aspect of the inviting approach is to understand and validate the meaningfulness of people’s perceptions and to w ork with these perceptions to construct shared purposes.(p.10) Self-concept is the image people construct of who they are and how they fit in the world. â€Å"This system of personal beliefs is maintained, protected and by the choices the individual makes.† (p.10). Invitational education is a mode of functioning by which people are cordially, creatively and consistently summoned to realise their potential. As mentioned earlier, its focus is on the messages transmitted. However, the messages that are exchanged are never on neutral basis as they carry positive or negative, inviting or disinviting connotation. There are four fundamental values, what we call principles, which give Invitational Leaders direction and purpose. Together, these four principles form a basic set of guiding beliefs. These are respect, trust, optimism, and intentionality. Therefore the four principles take the form of propositions that offer a perspective for addressing, evaluation and modifying the total school environment. Purkey, W. W.& Novak, J. M.; (2008) testify that this standpoint allows Rectors or educators to assume an â€Å"inviting stance,† which is a focused frame-work for sustained action. Respect People are valuable, able, and responsible and should be treated accordingly. Respect is an important aspect in Invitational Leadership. It provides a new vision based on the process of summoning people cordially to move in more democratic, creative, and productive directions through non-coercive means. A democratic society emphasizes the inherent worth of all people, believes in their self-directing power, and stressed the importance of personal and social accountability. Invitational schools do the same. Purkey, W. W.& Novak, J. M. (2008) stipulates that responsibilities that are shared based on mutual respect and expectations of positive outcomes results in a cooperative relationship that recognizes each â€Å"person’s ability to accept, reject, negotiate, or hold in abeyance the messages sent to them.† (p.12) Respect is demonstrated in courteous behaviours as civility, politeness and common courtesy. Waterman and Peters (1988), in their book In Search of Excellence, reported that a special characteristic of highly successful companies is the courteous and respectful behaviours of their employees. They are â€Å"good listeners, pay attention to their customers, are courteous and treat people as adults. Respect is one of eight major characteristics that distinguish excellent companies.† Summing up, respect is important in Invitational Leadership because it is the quality that enables leaders to be a beneficial presence that has the ability to take a respectful stance toward colleagues – literally inviting others into a mutually beneficial relationship. Trust Education is a cooperative, collaborative activity. Invitational education is based on the fundamental interdependence of human beings. To establish trustworthy pattern, time and effort are necessary. Trustworthy patterns of interaction depend on people who demonstrate the following quality: reliability, genuineness, truthfulness, intent and competence. Intention The process is the product of making. A decision to purposely act in a certain way, to achieve and carry out a set of goals (Day et.al, 2001, p.34). Is defined as knowing what we intend to bring about as well as how we intend it to happen gives clarity and direction to our work (Stillion and Siegel, 2OO5, p15). Optimism People possess untapped potential in all areas of humans endeavour. Invitational educators are committed to the continuous appreciation and growth of all involved in the educative process (Day et. al, 2001, p. 34). ————————————————- 2. Invitational Leadership in practice in the educational community The focus of this study is to examine the invitational leadership style to verify if it provides the necessary skills needed in today’s educational organisations. In response to the increased need for excellent management and guidance, many leadership models have been planned and implemented to meet the demanding needs of the educational sector. Following this emptiness in the educational community, the invitational leadership was introduced in 2002 by Purkey and Siegel. Stillion and Siegel (2005) summed up the idea behind this new leadership style, â€Å"Purkey †¦ having studied human behaviour for four decades, proposed that leaders must take an invitational stance in dealing with others and in developing themselves† (p.4) According to Purkey and Novak (1996), IET is a model of practice: it adopts a systematic approach in the educational development and it provides policies and strategies for making schools more inviting. Major challenges that the school staff usually face on daily basis are issues pertaining to the students’ welfare such as indiscipline, From my observation at school, lack of guidance and clarified direction has served as a tremendous reduction of energy, time, effort and resource. It would prove difficult to delegate authority to individuals or self-managed groups when â€Å"followers do not trust each other, because they will not share information or cooperate in trying to solve mutual problems† (Yulk, 2002,p.109). The lack of invitational characteristics in a leader would slow the effective pace of work. An effective leader will work to bring about positive and long lasting change, when change is necessary within organisation. By doing so, he would invite staff into collaboration, will work carefully to bring about change in a way that the school’s member will not only be involved but would be pleased with the eventual outcome of the change. Schein (2000) disc ussed, â€Å"change programs fail because they do not take into consideration the underlying culture.† In order for an organisation to survive, it is imperative that strong and healthy relationships are formed. Likewise, these carefully formed relationships can help to formulate a culture of acceptance and desire to achieve excellence. Schein (1996) defined culture as the â€Å"set of shared, taken-for-granted implicit assumptions that a group holds and that determines how it perceives, think about, and react to its various environments† (p.236). At the school, the Rector is a vital component in creating the culture. However, the administrators’ role in understanding that culture is equally important. This creates a sense of ownership and a shared leadership. Respect and trust thus serve as a primary component of an organisation’s healthy culture. To illustrate this idea, it is important that the Rector, educators and administrators understand what takes place within the school. Invitational Leadership argued that leader cannot create a climate of empowerment and participation if the underlying belief of culture is that everyone must do whatever the boss says they should do. I firmly agree that leadership through coercion and fear is not effective when attempting to create a productive team. Additionally, as stipulated by Purkey & Siegel (2002), messages communicate to people which inform them that they are able, responsible and worthwhile. These messages should be made accessible to every person in the school, conveying the intention of the leaders, so making everyone part of the institution. These messages are corresponded though â€Å"inter-personal action, but also through institutional policies, programmes, practices and physical environments† (Day et al., 2001, p.34). Furthermore, Purkey and Siegel (2003) postulate a specific framework by which schools can become â€Å"invitational† by concentrating on the five areas contributing to success and failures. Each one of these elements contributes to the creation of a positive school climate and ultimately a healthy and successful organisation. The Starfish Analogy by Purkey Invitational leadership focusses on five areas which contribute to the success or failure of individuals. Purkey refers to it as the Starfish Analogy: The starfish lives to eat oysters. To defend itself, the oyster has two stout shells that fasten tightly together and held in place by a powerful muscle. The starfish finds the oyster and places itself on top of its intended victim. Gradually, gently, and firmly the starfish uses each of its five points in turn to keep pressure on the oyster’s one muscle. While one point works, the other four rest. The single oyster muscle, while incredibly powerful, gets no rest. Inevitably, and irresistibly, the oyster is opened and the starfish has its meal. By constant, steady pressure from a number of points, even the strongest muscle (and the biggest challenge) can be overcome. These five areas â€Å"exist in practically every environment† and serve as a means to invite others professionally (Purkey, 1992, p.7) 1. People – Purkey (1992) affirmed that â€Å"nothing is more important in life than people. It is the people who create a respectful, optimistic5 visibility. 2. Places – refers to physical environment of an organisation. It has been suggested that places are the easiest of the five areas to change due to their visibility. 3. Policies- â€Å"policies refer to the procedures, codes, rules, written or unwritten, used to regulate the on-going functions of individuals and organizations† (Purkey, 1992,p.7) 4. Programs – play an important role in invitational leadership â€Å"because programs often focus on narrow objectives that neglect the wider scope of human needs’ (Purkey, 1002, p.7) 5. Processes – The â€Å"how something is accomplished† (Purkey & Siegel, 2003, p.125). It can be defined as the way that people, places, policies and programs are evident in schools. Purkey and Siegel (2003) refer to these five areas as a means to invite others professionally. They affirmed that â€Å"the combination of these five areas offers an almost limitless number of opportunities for the Invitational Leader, for they address the total culture †¦ of almost any organisation† (p.104) Conclusion This study was to investigate in what ways and to what degree, if any, an invitational leader impacts the overall effectiveness of the school setting. We focused in the first part on leadership qualities and characteristics which lead to success. We arrived at a common consensus that invitational leadership characteristics do influence the development of successful organizations. The invitational leadership model seeks to invite all interested stakeholders to succeed. As noted by Day, Harris, and Hadfield (2001) invitations are â€Å"messages communicated to people which inform then that they are able, responsible and worthwhile† (p.34) To conclude, it is believed that the invitational leadership model should serve as a practice to emulate in order to achieve positive results in effective leadership in schools. The active use of invitational leadership was proven to be a leadership model that should be considered effective when trying to create a healthy, positive and successful organization. ————————————————- References 1. Asbill, K. (1994). Invitational leadership: Teacher perceptions of inviting principal practices. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, School of Educational Management, New Mexico State University. 2. Day, C., Harris, A., & Hadfield, M. (2001). Grounding Knowledge of Schools in Stakeholder Realities: A Multi-Perspective Study of Effective School Leaders. School Leadership & Management, 21(1), 19-42. 3. Peters, Tom J. & Waterman, Robert H. (1988), In Search of Excellence – Lessons from America’s Best-Run Companies, HarperCollins Publishers, London. 4. Purkey, W. W & Siegel, B.L (2002). Becoming an Invitational Leader. Atlanta, USA. Brumby Holdings, Inc. 5. Purkey, W. W.& Novak, J. M. (2008). Fundamentals of Invitational Education. Kennesaw, Georgia: International Alliance for Invitational Education. 6. Purkey, W. W., & Novak, J. M. (1996). Inviting school success: A self-concept approach to teaching, learning, and democratic practice (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company. 7. Purkey, W., & Schmidt, J. (1990). Invitational learning for counseling and development. Ann Arbor, MI: ERIC Counseling and Personnel Services Clearinghouse. 8. School Leadership: Concepts and Evidence; Full Report/Spring 2003. National College for School Leadership: http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/5119/2/dok217-eng-chool_Leadership_Concepts_and_Evidence.pdf 9. Schein, E. H. (1996). Culture: The missing concept in organization studies. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 229-240. 10. Schein, E. H. (2000). Sense and nonsense about culture and climate. In N. M. Ashkanasy, C. P. M. Wilderom, & M. F. Peterson (Eds.), Handbook of Organizational Culture & Climate (pp. xxiii-xxx). Thousand Oaks, Ca: Sage Publications 11. Stanley, P.H. A Bibliography For Invitational Theory and Practice. RadfordUniversity; http://www.invitationaleducation.net/journal/v11p52.htm 12. Stillion, J., & Siegel, B. (November, 2005). Expanding Invitational Leadership: Roles for the Decathlon Leader. Retrieved January 31, 2006, from http://www.kennesaw.edu/ilec/Journal/articles/2005/siegel_stillion/expand_leadership/exp†¦ 13. Wren, J. T. (1995). The leaders’ companion: Insights on leadership through the ages. New York: The Free Press. 14. Yukl, G. A. (2002) Leadership in Organizations, Fifth Edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice-Hall.