Festival De La Familia Concert Report Music Essay

Festival De La Familia Concert Report Music Essay For the Concert report I attended the Festival de la Familia at Cal expo on April 25th. The first thing I did when I got there was to look for a schedule or program of the events that were going on. It turns out there were more performers than I could actually watch. I headed first to the tower stage as I could hear music coming from there. I got there and a Mariachi band was playing. I looked at the event program and it was the Tonantzin Mariachi according to the program but apparently it wasnt. I overhead people saying that the mariachi band was actually a different one that the one listed. The mariachi band members were all wearing traditional charro costumes. I got to hear three songs before the band ended their session. However these songs were pretty melodic and upbeat. They didnt dance much but they did move in unison to the rhythm of the music. The melody was pretty joyful, it seemed that it was made especially for celebrations. There was an obvious harmony laid by violins matching the main melody. It was really nice hearing how all the different harmonies from the different instrument groups complemented each other, these songs all had a very nice texture. The rhythm was easy to decode as it was made by the guitar players muting the guitar strings with the palms of their hands to create a beat. They would also stomp on the ground every once in a while to the beat of the music. The instrumentation was pretty standard, it consisted of guitars, a guitarron,a couple violins and trumpets, and a singer. All instruments are of Europena decent (Mariachi). The most interested instrument was the guitarron. It was different in that it is usually only found in mariachi bands. Although the guitarron that the Mariachi bands use is actually called guitarron mexicano or Mexican guitarron as there is a Chilean and an Argentinian version of the guitarron as well. (The Guitarron). Althought it seems the guitarron comes directly from the guitar it actually does not. The guitarron was developed independently in 16th century Spain independently from the Spanish bajo de uà ±a. It replaced the harp in the 20th century (What is the mariachi?). The trumpets were not originally part of the Mariachi bands arsenal. As Mariachi music became more popular and because of the popularity of jazz and Cuban music mariachi bands started adopting the trumpet to accompany or replace the violins and harp. (What is the mariachi?). The mariachi band is believed to have originated from Jalisco, Mexico, although nobody seems to know where the name Mariachi came from (What is the mariachi?). The instruments used in a mariachi band were introduced by Spain. They were originally meant to be used in mass, but later on criollos began to use them to create popular music (What is the mariachi?). Back when Mariachis started, they represented the pride and culture of the Mexican people(What is the mariachi?). Today, the same can be said as when one listens mariachi music usually the first thing that comes into mind is something to do with Mexico. The band I saw at the event hasnt deviated much from the old traditions. They still wear the old traditional costume, the large hats, the songs were traditional ones. They did put to use all the modern mariachi band instruments including the guitarron and trumpets. There was no harp present. In my opinion, I would says that theres not a lot of difference between the Mariachi bands around the world. Most of them play the same songs but the different comes in the quality of their sound, the way the play their instruments so that the song sounds like one good piece instead of a mix of instruments d also the singer. I heard some singers in mariachi bands whose voices just dont match the song at all. Later on I went to the tent Top Stage and got to see the group BF Las Estrellas de Hayward. I hope that was what they were called since it seemed that the schedule was a little bit off and the performers were performing at different stages than the ones they were listed on the handout. This was a dance group. Although there was no live music playing here, it was recorded, but it was still nice to listen to it and watch the traditional dances of Veracruz, Mexico or jarocho. These dancers were wearing the traditional white guayabera shirts and white pants and hats. The women were wearing colorful dresses and head decorations. They were all wearing special shoes with which the would tap on the ground or do the zapateados to create a percussive sound that would complement the other instruments. I would say that the dancers tried to keeps the traditional form that was used since the beginning of the jarocho music. The whole performance had a very tropical feeling to it, especially after they brought in statues of sea creatures such as sea starts and sea horses. It would have been nice if they were actual live instruments playing but from what I listened I could tell some of the instruments that were playing. One of the most noticeable instruments was the harp which made the music sound very Caribbean like and you could also hear guitars on the background laying the main rhythm. Afterwards, the group Samba da Terra made their presence into the stage. They were a Brazilian samba group located in Sacramento. They started out with about 6 drummers creating a steady beat. The tempo was pretty slow but it picked up as time went by. The drummers did not seem to wearing any ethnic clothing or costumes. They were all wearing t-shirts with the Samba da Terra logo on them and short pants or long shorts. The only instruments played during their entire performance were drums of different styles and sizes. The drums sounded different enough from each other to distinguish the timbre even though all of them were beat at about the same volume. There wasnt much harmony; the drums themselves dont have a very harmonic sound. There were lots of dynamics though. Some beats were louder that others. The was a lead drum player with a different type of drum that he would ply similar to a regular snare. He would play his own part but he would accentuate certain beats to amplifly the beats made by the other drums. If it wasnt for the dynamics, the beat would have sounded pretty lifeless and simple. The texture was simple, there were the bigger drums seting a deep bass sound while the smaller drums had a higher pitch and very played a little faster that the bigger drums. Some of the players would alternate between using their hands and stick to create different sounds. There also want much of a melody, only a study beat and rhythm. They would however change it about every 30 seconds. You could tell that there was an African influence in the samba. For one, the beat had a very tribal feeling to it. The instrument s have their roots back to Africa as well. The drums came from slaves brought to Brazil by the Portuguese. (Samba) Later, the group was joined by a group of female dancers that dance to the rhythm of the drumming. Thats when things got more interesting. The female dancers were in traditional samba costumes which were pretty colorful and were wearing this huge head pieces adorned with feathers. As the dancers were dancing to the beat the drummers would suddenly change the tempo pretty drastically to a really fast one and the dancers would try to keep up with it. Later the tempo would slow down and so would the dancers. At first, the dancer were doing a pretty simple dance, as the performance progressed they started doing some pretty complex dances that seem to tak e a lot skill to pull of. You could tell which dancers had more experience by observing them dance during the complex parts. Samba da Terra was formed in 2001 by Marta Santos. Marta is a native Brazilian that has participated in various Samba event including the Carnaval of Brazil. Afterwards, as I was walking towards the exit of the expo, I ran into Aztec dancers. They were doing a traditional dance. Most of them were wearing traditional Aztec clothing and articles. The performer were of different age. The were kids that seem to be about 8 to 12 years old to full grown adults in their 40s or 50s. The main instrument seems to be a drum in which the main beat was formed. Each dance had some type of foot shaker that created noise every time the dancer moved. The group seemed to be divided, some dancer would be doing the same part while another groups while another group would be doing another. The older dancers were the ones with the drums. There was a certain dancer that seem to have a special role. She was a young kid that dance differently from the others. She was doing some type of jump/sneaking movement in between the other dancer as if she was looking for something. I was surprised about this because the dance that she was doing seem pretty hard and tiring compared to the others. The music was simple. It was mostly drums accompanied by the shakers. There was the occasional vocal chanting. The overall melody seemed to be calling for something, as in calling a God for help or a war dance. There was a war like rhythm to the sound structure of the Aztec dancers. The main beat was laid off by the two drummers. It was complemented by the rattles in the feet of all the dancers, in fact the rattles created a sort of melody. You could distinguish between the sound of the two drums because one of the drummers would play softer that the other. The dynamics also changed to give a more dramatic beat and the dancers would move more dramatically to compensate. The tempo stay relatively the same thought out the entire performance. The texture was relatively simple just consisting of the noise coming from the rattles and the drum beat. Before the pre-Hispanic times in Mexico, the Aztecs would dance and sing as an offering to the Gods. (Mexican Dances) . The dance purpose was to ask for good fertility, crops and earth. The Aztecs would use two drums used during the dance called the huà ©huetl y teponaztle. (Mexican Dances) both drums are skin drums. (The aztec music) The huà ©huetl was played wit the hands while the teponaztle was played with mallets. The rattles found on the feet of the dancers are called Theres not much known about the Aztecs musical culture prior the arrival of the Spanish. (Mexicolore) After the Spanish conquistadors came and the Mexican empire fell the use of drums or any other percussion instrument was forbidden and any one found using on would get its hands cut off (Mexican Dances) This lead to the development of the guitars made of animal shells. (Mexican Dances) Later in the 1930-1940s, the old instruments such as the the huà ©huetl y teponaztle started to be used again because of Manuel Pinda Escalona, Gabriel Osorio. (Mexican Dances) Today most Aztec dance groups consist of a few drummers an and group of dancers. Its hard to find the traditional instruments used back in time such as the armadillo or tortoise guitars and drums (Ayotl) or the Omichicauaztli which was made out of deer bones. (Aztec Music) Overall, the research that Citations http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariachi http://www.cumpiano.com/Home/Articles/Special%20interest/Acbass/guitarron.html The guitarron http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitarr%C3%B3n_mexicano Guitarrà ³n mexicano http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/1875-what-is-the-mariachi What is the mariachi? http://www.sambadaterra.com/aboutus.html Samba Da Terra: About us http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba Samba citations http://www.barraganzone.com/mexicandances_aztec.html Mexican Dances http://www.aztec-indians.com/aztec-music.html Aztec Music http://www.mexicolore.co.uk/index.php?one=azttwo=mus Mexicolore http://www.aztec-history.com/aztec-music.html tHE aZTEC mUSIC)

Impact of Technology in Australians Lives Essay -- Technology

From invitro fertilisation to autopsy, people’s lives in Australia are potentially subject to scrutiny. The extent to which details of a particular individual’s existence are on show depends not just on the person’s own decisions but also on the decisions of related others, private firms and the state as well as inadvertent access by technology. This essay examines several points in people’s lives where they are most likely to encounter the public gaze, either now or into the future. Specifically, these junctures are the Census, The 100 point ID system and the lens of telepanoramic digital photography. Every five years, the Census provides a snapshot of Australian households. The data collected forms the basis of public planning. (How to complete your Census form 2006, p.2) On the night of August the 8th 2006, Australian households undertook the latest census. The form could be completed in either hard copy or online. Of particular interest was Question 60, Time capsule, which invited households to have a copy of their responses to the Census identified by their names in microfilm format for future reference. This information will be held in secure storage by the National Archives of Australia for 99 years when it will be made available to ‘genealogists †¦, historians, academics, social analysts, journalists, and fiction and non-fiction writers’. This option was first made available at the previous Census held in 2001 (How to complete your Census form 2006, p.17). This opportunity was welcomed by genealogists, who have long envied their British counterparts historic and full access to census data from 1841 onwards. Indeed, the 1901 census has recently been made available (Census Online 2006). In the Australian case however, t... ...to complete your census form 2006 Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra. The metroguide: a guide to Adelaide’s public transport system n.d. Adelaide Metro, Adelaide. Murray, E 2006 ‘Jail for â€Å"greedy† con woman’, The Age, September 22. Viewed 19th of October 2006 Norris, M 2006 ‘I caught our most-wanted con woman’, Woman’s Day, October 2006, pp.34-35. Privacy on the Internet: Effect on genealogy n.d. Viewed 12 October 2006 Tadros, E & Petrie, A 2006 ‘Moment of truth in the many lives of Jodie’, The Sydney Morning Herald, July 7. Viewed 19th of October 2006 Whittaker, N 1998 Controlling your credit cards, Simon & Schuster, East Roseville.

Invitational Leadership Essay

Introduction Leadership, and the study of it, has its commencement in the early civilizations. Ancient rulers, pharaohs, emperors and biblical patriarchs have one thing in common – leadership. Although scholars have been studying this phenomenon for almost two centuries, numerous definitions and theories abound throughout. However, enough similarities exist so as to define â€Å"leadership† as an effort of influence and the power to induce compliance (Wren, 1995). Leadership is a process through which an individual influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. This definition of leadership is relatively similar to that of Northouse’s (2007,p.3) And the definition of a leader stipulated by Peter Drucker is someone who has followers. The capacity to influence others is dependent on the power detained. The leader’s attitudes would definitely determine the level of productivity from his employees. A Task Orientation or Directive Behaviour reflects the concern of a leader for the actual task at hand whereas Employee Orientation or Supportive Behaviours reflects how much a leader is concerned for the people around him, providing support and encouragement for them. Concurrently, different theories have been developed for the field of leadership but we would be showing more attention to the Invitational Leadership theory. The research on the effects of Invitational Education Theory (IET) in the educational administrative process is relatively new as compared to other theories pertaining to leadership. Invitational Leadership has a different dimension from the standard theories of leadership that emphasized the process of influencing others through the use of power to an alternative leadership style that promotes collaboration and show consideration and respect for individuals in the educational system. This study comprises of two parts. Firstly, we would see the theoretical introduction of the Invitational Leadership, followed a brief comparison of the theory with other leadership theories possessing more or less the same characteristics and finally, in what ways the Invitational Leadership is more suitable to the educational community. Secondly, we would focus on what the invitational style provides in response to the demands of the school sector. Besides, we would see to what extent the invitational leadership is applied to my profession through examples drawn from my past experiences. ————————————————- 1. Theoretical part Invitational Theory Purkey (1992, p.5) defines Invitational Leadership asa theory which â€Å"is a collection of assumptions that seek to explain phenomena and provide a means of intentionally summoning people to realise their relatively boundless potential in all areas of worthwhile human endeavour† Invitational Theory is a mode of professional practice that summons the environment and all relationships formed in educational and human service organizations. It is a process for communicating caring and appropriate message intended to invite forth the realisation of human potential. It is also a way for identifying and changing those institutional and relational forces that defeat and destroy potential. Communication is vital for all social relationships or integration. Schools, as a social institution, send out complex message systems that continuously inform people of their worth, ability, and power to direct themselves. The concept of â€Å"invitation† derives from the effort provided by those who seek to communicate ideas. This involves shaping, moulding and changing. The word invite is a derivation of the Latin word invite. It probably began as vito, which means to avoid or shun. In early Roman society, vito was used to express fear of encroachment by other tribes, and to forbid their entry into Rome. As Rome became a dominant force, its citizens felt more secure and opened their borders to the world. In time, the prefix in- meaning â€Å"without† or â€Å"not,† was added, and the word invite, meaning â€Å"to receive politely,† became common and developed into invite. So by definition, an invitation is a purposive and generous act by which the invit er seeks to enroll others in the vision set forth in the invitation. From this we derive the term Invitational Leadership (Purkey & Siegel, 2002, p212). From an invitational viewpoint, individuals possess the characteristics of being able, valuable and responsible. As such, they are to be treated accordingly. Conversely, we observe a transformation from the appellations used: from â€Å"motivate,† â€Å"shape,† â€Å"reinforce,† â€Å"make,† â€Å"enhance,† â€Å"build,† and â€Å"empower† people to that of â€Å"offer,† â€Å"propose,† â€Å"present,† â€Å"encourage,† â€Å"consider,† and â€Å"summon cordially.† Similarly, in the school context, the invitational leader is the one who summons associates to higher levels of functioning and presents them with the opportunity to participate in the construction of something of mutual benefit. Ultimately, we find that this â€Å"something† is a procedure to create a better environment and a way to eliminate inequalities. Invitational Leadership offer a new perspective, an involvement for positive social change. It acknowledges our potential, our integrity, our interdependence and our responsibility to do good. Moreover, a central element in many definitions of leadership is that there is a process of influence. Leithwood et al (1999, p.6) say that â€Å"influence †¦ seems to be a necessary part of most conceptions of leadership.† Yulk (2002, p.) explains this influence process: â€Å"Most definitions of leadership reflect the assumption that it involves a social influence process whereby intentional influence is exerted by one person [or group] over other people [or groups] to structure the activities and relationships in a group or organisation.† Yulk’s use of ‘person’ or ‘group’ indicates that leadership may be exercised by individuals as well as teams. Additionally, this opinion is shared by Harris (2002) and Leithwood (2001) who both advocate distributed leadership as an alternative to traditional top-down leadership models. Invitational leadership as a model of influence It can be agreed that leadership involves influence and that it may be exercised by anyone in an organisation. In addition, Cuban (1988,p.193) points out to leadership as an influence process. â€Å"Leadership then refers to people who bend the motivations and actions of others to achieving certain goals; it implies taking initiatives and risks.† This opinion demonstrates that the process of influence is focused as it is intended to lead to specific outcomes. Furthermore, this notion is reinforced by Fidler (1997, p.25) : â€Å"followers are influenced towards goal achievement.† Eventually, a similar concept is used by Stoll and Fink (1996), that of ‘invitational’ leadership explaining how leaders function in schools. â€Å"Leadership is about communicating invitational messages to individuals and groups with whom leaders interact in order to build and act on a shared and evolving vision of enhanced educational experiences for pupils.† (p.109) At this point, I agree to what Stoll and Fink (1996) said; the role of the leader, in the school, is to work together with his collaborators towards making the institution an inclusive school which provides a good education to all pupils, irrespective of their varying abilities. Further to this, communication should be at the base of all decision making to arrive at a consensus between the different stakeholders. As it is stated in the School Management Manual, the Rector should â€Å"run the school in close collaboration with the Deputy Rector.† The Rector or the Deputy Rector, should be open to new ideas put forward by staff or pupils. The internal communication (morning assembly, form period, meeting with students’ representatives, teaching staff, head of Department etc.) of the school should be an open platform where leaders create a conviviality atmosphere among each individuals, therefore, inviting others to get engaged in the progression of the school. As we have compared the close relationship of Invitational Leadership as being a model of influence, equally, the Invitational Leadership Theory reflects a transformational dimension. Transformational Leadership enhanced the motivation, morale and performance of follower’s through a variety of mechanisms. These comprise connecting the follower’s sense of identity and self to the mission and the collective identity of the organization; being a role model for followers that inspires them; challenging followers to take greater ownership for their work, and understanding the strength and weaknesses of followers, so the leader can align them with tasks that optimize their performance. Similarly, the invitational leader invites the followers by communicating to them the mission and goal of the organisation and by accepting the individual personality. As the leader himself is a role model in displaying invitational qualities, he reinforces these qualities among his/her followers. Becoming an Invitational Leader necessitates that a leader become more consciously aware of his or her self and, by so doing, takes responsibility of how he or she defines that self. If we distinguish ourselves to be lacking in some fundamental leadership quality, then assuredly we will fail to influence others to join our cause. Furthermore, the invitational leadership enclose these servant types of values : excellence, caring, justice, and faith. Review of current literature supports the need for a change in leadership in order to adequately meet the needs of current educational institutions. Becoming an invitational leader â€Å"How can I gain the cooperation of those in my environment so that effectiveness and productivity increase and that our group function more smoothly and effectively?† The only way is by inviting, showing trust, understanding and respect (Purkey, Siegel, 2002). Intimidation and coercion, commonly used approaches, are not effective and eventually will prove to be counter-productive. They believe that there is only one motivation inside humans and that is an internal drive and desire to realise one’s own potential. In short we all want to be more, to self-actualise and to put our talents to good use by committing to something beyond ourselves. This can only be achieved by volunteered and not by pressure. Hence, I can affirm the more leaders are viewed as caring, respectful and supportive, the greater their chances of emancipating the talents and energies of their associates. Those in authority must first begin by making others feel valued if they hope to gain respect and cooperation in return. The first stage toward effective leadership is a wise, rooted sense of self. This means a commitment to find one’s own core values. The authors, Purkey & Siegel (2002) put forward that one cannot empower others without first empowering oneself. These two scholars present various ideas for cultivating all aspects of life from physical and psychological to the spiritual and intellectual. Furthermore, the leader has to present a vision of what a successful organization looks like, to set the proper environment in order to move people to embrace the organisation’s vision and to take on the individual and collective responsibility for the successes and failures of the organization. This would result in a group of self-actualizing individuals, each committed to the purpose and to one another in a supporting environment. Likewise, the school’s atmosphere should be conducive enough so as to inspire people connected to the school to be committed among themselves. Like indicated initially, the leader, that is the Rector or headmaster of the school, is the one to establish the point of contact between the administration, teaching and non-teaching staff and the students, to create avenues that the personnel would follow. Consequently, the opportunity given to each individual would unleash the potential that reside in them. Similarly, each one would adopt an invitational approach as they are constantly exposed to it in their everyday situation at school. The ability to challenge the people you lead to perform high quality will only continue over time if the leader has developed his invitational side as well. As stipulated in the School Management Manual of the Ministry of Education, Culture & Human Resources, the Rector, as the leader â€Å"builds and accompanies his teams, providing them with the required support and motivation, listening to their views and their problems and valuing their effort, support and contribution.† Walter Bennis, one of our more dynamic thinkers on leadership, has defined a leader is one who is guided by an â€Å"exciting and specific dream and who enrols others in his or her vision.† (Purkey, Siegel; 2002) thus, by providing support and motivation, school’s leaders enroll others by summoning them cordially to realise their potential. Furthermore, support for the importance of values was provided by Stoll and Fink (1996) in their study of leadership in education. They affirmed that successful leaders rely upon a strong set of values to guide their decision-making. We can contrast the decision-making process to the Participative Leadership which is defined by Leithwood et al. (2002) as a leadership style which â€Å"assumes that the decision-making processes of the group ought to be central focus for leaders† (p.12). Invitational Education Theory (IET) As stated by the author of Fundamentals of Invitational Education, the focus of Invitational Leadership in education is on the message transmitted by people, places, policies, programs, and processes (Purkey, 2008, p.7). Invitational education is based on three fundamental ideas Purkey, W.W., & Novak, J.M. (1996).: the democratic ethos, the perceptual tradition, and self-concept theory. The democratic ethos put emphasize on â€Å"deliberate dialogue and mutual respect as people work together to construct the character, practices and institutions that promote a fulfilling shared life.†(p.9) In this democratic style of leadership, it implies that whoever is concerned or affected by decisions should have a say in those decisions. The perceptual tradition states that events are always seen through the individual and cultural filters people use. Thus an important aspect of the inviting approach is to understand and validate the meaningfulness of people’s perceptions and to w ork with these perceptions to construct shared purposes.(p.10) Self-concept is the image people construct of who they are and how they fit in the world. â€Å"This system of personal beliefs is maintained, protected and by the choices the individual makes.† (p.10). Invitational education is a mode of functioning by which people are cordially, creatively and consistently summoned to realise their potential. As mentioned earlier, its focus is on the messages transmitted. However, the messages that are exchanged are never on neutral basis as they carry positive or negative, inviting or disinviting connotation. There are four fundamental values, what we call principles, which give Invitational Leaders direction and purpose. Together, these four principles form a basic set of guiding beliefs. These are respect, trust, optimism, and intentionality. Therefore the four principles take the form of propositions that offer a perspective for addressing, evaluation and modifying the total school environment. Purkey, W. W.& Novak, J. M.; (2008) testify that this standpoint allows Rectors or educators to assume an â€Å"inviting stance,† which is a focused frame-work for sustained action. Respect People are valuable, able, and responsible and should be treated accordingly. Respect is an important aspect in Invitational Leadership. It provides a new vision based on the process of summoning people cordially to move in more democratic, creative, and productive directions through non-coercive means. A democratic society emphasizes the inherent worth of all people, believes in their self-directing power, and stressed the importance of personal and social accountability. Invitational schools do the same. Purkey, W. W.& Novak, J. M. (2008) stipulates that responsibilities that are shared based on mutual respect and expectations of positive outcomes results in a cooperative relationship that recognizes each â€Å"person’s ability to accept, reject, negotiate, or hold in abeyance the messages sent to them.† (p.12) Respect is demonstrated in courteous behaviours as civility, politeness and common courtesy. Waterman and Peters (1988), in their book In Search of Excellence, reported that a special characteristic of highly successful companies is the courteous and respectful behaviours of their employees. They are â€Å"good listeners, pay attention to their customers, are courteous and treat people as adults. Respect is one of eight major characteristics that distinguish excellent companies.† Summing up, respect is important in Invitational Leadership because it is the quality that enables leaders to be a beneficial presence that has the ability to take a respectful stance toward colleagues – literally inviting others into a mutually beneficial relationship. Trust Education is a cooperative, collaborative activity. Invitational education is based on the fundamental interdependence of human beings. To establish trustworthy pattern, time and effort are necessary. Trustworthy patterns of interaction depend on people who demonstrate the following quality: reliability, genuineness, truthfulness, intent and competence. Intention The process is the product of making. A decision to purposely act in a certain way, to achieve and carry out a set of goals (Day et.al, 2001, p.34). Is defined as knowing what we intend to bring about as well as how we intend it to happen gives clarity and direction to our work (Stillion and Siegel, 2OO5, p15). Optimism People possess untapped potential in all areas of humans endeavour. Invitational educators are committed to the continuous appreciation and growth of all involved in the educative process (Day et. al, 2001, p. 34). ————————————————- 2. Invitational Leadership in practice in the educational community The focus of this study is to examine the invitational leadership style to verify if it provides the necessary skills needed in today’s educational organisations. In response to the increased need for excellent management and guidance, many leadership models have been planned and implemented to meet the demanding needs of the educational sector. Following this emptiness in the educational community, the invitational leadership was introduced in 2002 by Purkey and Siegel. Stillion and Siegel (2005) summed up the idea behind this new leadership style, â€Å"Purkey †¦ having studied human behaviour for four decades, proposed that leaders must take an invitational stance in dealing with others and in developing themselves† (p.4) According to Purkey and Novak (1996), IET is a model of practice: it adopts a systematic approach in the educational development and it provides policies and strategies for making schools more inviting. Major challenges that the school staff usually face on daily basis are issues pertaining to the students’ welfare such as indiscipline, From my observation at school, lack of guidance and clarified direction has served as a tremendous reduction of energy, time, effort and resource. It would prove difficult to delegate authority to individuals or self-managed groups when â€Å"followers do not trust each other, because they will not share information or cooperate in trying to solve mutual problems† (Yulk, 2002,p.109). The lack of invitational characteristics in a leader would slow the effective pace of work. An effective leader will work to bring about positive and long lasting change, when change is necessary within organisation. By doing so, he would invite staff into collaboration, will work carefully to bring about change in a way that the school’s member will not only be involved but would be pleased with the eventual outcome of the change. Schein (2000) disc ussed, â€Å"change programs fail because they do not take into consideration the underlying culture.† In order for an organisation to survive, it is imperative that strong and healthy relationships are formed. Likewise, these carefully formed relationships can help to formulate a culture of acceptance and desire to achieve excellence. Schein (1996) defined culture as the â€Å"set of shared, taken-for-granted implicit assumptions that a group holds and that determines how it perceives, think about, and react to its various environments† (p.236). At the school, the Rector is a vital component in creating the culture. However, the administrators’ role in understanding that culture is equally important. This creates a sense of ownership and a shared leadership. Respect and trust thus serve as a primary component of an organisation’s healthy culture. To illustrate this idea, it is important that the Rector, educators and administrators understand what takes place within the school. Invitational Leadership argued that leader cannot create a climate of empowerment and participation if the underlying belief of culture is that everyone must do whatever the boss says they should do. I firmly agree that leadership through coercion and fear is not effective when attempting to create a productive team. Additionally, as stipulated by Purkey & Siegel (2002), messages communicate to people which inform them that they are able, responsible and worthwhile. These messages should be made accessible to every person in the school, conveying the intention of the leaders, so making everyone part of the institution. These messages are corresponded though â€Å"inter-personal action, but also through institutional policies, programmes, practices and physical environments† (Day et al., 2001, p.34). Furthermore, Purkey and Siegel (2003) postulate a specific framework by which schools can become â€Å"invitational† by concentrating on the five areas contributing to success and failures. Each one of these elements contributes to the creation of a positive school climate and ultimately a healthy and successful organisation. The Starfish Analogy by Purkey Invitational leadership focusses on five areas which contribute to the success or failure of individuals. Purkey refers to it as the Starfish Analogy: The starfish lives to eat oysters. To defend itself, the oyster has two stout shells that fasten tightly together and held in place by a powerful muscle. The starfish finds the oyster and places itself on top of its intended victim. Gradually, gently, and firmly the starfish uses each of its five points in turn to keep pressure on the oyster’s one muscle. While one point works, the other four rest. The single oyster muscle, while incredibly powerful, gets no rest. Inevitably, and irresistibly, the oyster is opened and the starfish has its meal. By constant, steady pressure from a number of points, even the strongest muscle (and the biggest challenge) can be overcome. These five areas â€Å"exist in practically every environment† and serve as a means to invite others professionally (Purkey, 1992, p.7) 1. People – Purkey (1992) affirmed that â€Å"nothing is more important in life than people. It is the people who create a respectful, optimistic5 visibility. 2. Places – refers to physical environment of an organisation. It has been suggested that places are the easiest of the five areas to change due to their visibility. 3. Policies- â€Å"policies refer to the procedures, codes, rules, written or unwritten, used to regulate the on-going functions of individuals and organizations† (Purkey, 1992,p.7) 4. Programs – play an important role in invitational leadership â€Å"because programs often focus on narrow objectives that neglect the wider scope of human needs’ (Purkey, 1002, p.7) 5. Processes – The â€Å"how something is accomplished† (Purkey & Siegel, 2003, p.125). It can be defined as the way that people, places, policies and programs are evident in schools. Purkey and Siegel (2003) refer to these five areas as a means to invite others professionally. They affirmed that â€Å"the combination of these five areas offers an almost limitless number of opportunities for the Invitational Leader, for they address the total culture †¦ of almost any organisation† (p.104) Conclusion This study was to investigate in what ways and to what degree, if any, an invitational leader impacts the overall effectiveness of the school setting. We focused in the first part on leadership qualities and characteristics which lead to success. We arrived at a common consensus that invitational leadership characteristics do influence the development of successful organizations. The invitational leadership model seeks to invite all interested stakeholders to succeed. As noted by Day, Harris, and Hadfield (2001) invitations are â€Å"messages communicated to people which inform then that they are able, responsible and worthwhile† (p.34) To conclude, it is believed that the invitational leadership model should serve as a practice to emulate in order to achieve positive results in effective leadership in schools. The active use of invitational leadership was proven to be a leadership model that should be considered effective when trying to create a healthy, positive and successful organization. ————————————————- References 1. Asbill, K. (1994). Invitational leadership: Teacher perceptions of inviting principal practices. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, School of Educational Management, New Mexico State University. 2. Day, C., Harris, A., & Hadfield, M. (2001). Grounding Knowledge of Schools in Stakeholder Realities: A Multi-Perspective Study of Effective School Leaders. School Leadership & Management, 21(1), 19-42. 3. Peters, Tom J. & Waterman, Robert H. (1988), In Search of Excellence – Lessons from America’s Best-Run Companies, HarperCollins Publishers, London. 4. Purkey, W. W & Siegel, B.L (2002). Becoming an Invitational Leader. Atlanta, USA. Brumby Holdings, Inc. 5. Purkey, W. W.& Novak, J. M. (2008). Fundamentals of Invitational Education. Kennesaw, Georgia: International Alliance for Invitational Education. 6. Purkey, W. W., & Novak, J. M. (1996). Inviting school success: A self-concept approach to teaching, learning, and democratic practice (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company. 7. Purkey, W., & Schmidt, J. (1990). Invitational learning for counseling and development. Ann Arbor, MI: ERIC Counseling and Personnel Services Clearinghouse. 8. School Leadership: Concepts and Evidence; Full Report/Spring 2003. National College for School Leadership: http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/5119/2/dok217-eng-chool_Leadership_Concepts_and_Evidence.pdf 9. Schein, E. H. (1996). Culture: The missing concept in organization studies. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 229-240. 10. Schein, E. H. (2000). Sense and nonsense about culture and climate. In N. M. Ashkanasy, C. P. M. Wilderom, & M. F. Peterson (Eds.), Handbook of Organizational Culture & Climate (pp. xxiii-xxx). Thousand Oaks, Ca: Sage Publications 11. Stanley, P.H. A Bibliography For Invitational Theory and Practice. RadfordUniversity; http://www.invitationaleducation.net/journal/v11p52.htm 12. Stillion, J., & Siegel, B. (November, 2005). Expanding Invitational Leadership: Roles for the Decathlon Leader. Retrieved January 31, 2006, from http://www.kennesaw.edu/ilec/Journal/articles/2005/siegel_stillion/expand_leadership/exp†¦ 13. Wren, J. T. (1995). The leaders’ companion: Insights on leadership through the ages. New York: The Free Press. 14. Yukl, G. A. (2002) Leadership in Organizations, Fifth Edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice-Hall.

Business Ethical - 637 Words

Assignment 5 BUS371 [Page 51] 1. To make the recommendations, it is first necessary to understand the product that Otis Trains is selling. It is selling high quality, detailed, small batch train sets that are targeted towards affluent makes in the 30 to 50 ages bracket. For this market, we can assess the Order Winners, Order Qualifies, and Order Losers. Quality | Order Winners | Price | Order Qualifies | Lead time (to delivery) | Order Winners/ Order losers (if too long) | Availability | Order Qualifies | Variety | Order Winners | From this analysis, it is evident that price, while important, is not critical. While important, it is not consistent with the requirements of the customer. More importantly, we must consider†¦show more content†¦2. a) Process flow chart for three Warehouses: operation- produce the eyeglass frames / storage- finished goods inventory / decision- make a decision as to where we should ship the frames / transportation – move the frame to one of the three warehouses / storage- store the frames in the warehouse. / operation - receive the order from the customer / decision – decide which warehouse will be used to ship out the order. / operation - pick, pack, and prepare to ship the order./ transportation – ship the order. Process flos for the centralized warehouse: operation – produce the eyeglass frames. / storage – finished goods inventory. / transportation – move the frame to the centralized warehouse. / storage – store the frames in the warehouse. / operation- receive the order from the customer, pick, pack, and prepare to ship the order. / transportation – ship the order. b) There are several issues that must be addressed to answer this question. The first is that of who the critical customer is. Remember that we are dealing with a chain of customers going from the purchasing agent to the eyeglass doctor. Once you have identified the critical customer, you next have to determine what it is hat they want from your frame facility. This means identifying the order winners, order qualifiers, and order losers. It may be that we are dealing with customers are more interestedShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Business Of Business Essay2018 Words   |  9 Pages All over the world business reputations are hitting a downward spiral, which is a serious concern for business leader because they hire the workers to produce the best possible outcome for their business. Business leaders are concerned about their unethical workplace being the explanation why their business is down the tube. Dr. Barry Morgan from the Archbishop of Wales support calls for an ethical busines s law. In proportion to the ethical business calling on the BBC, â€Å"Dr. Morgan believes an oathRead MoreEthical Leadership in the Universal Business World659 Words   |  3 Pagesunethical person with a good reputation or an ethical person with a reputation for injustice. Ethical leadership has long been a debate in regards to its importance and place in the universal business world. 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